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| 1 | |
| 2 GNU Free Documentation License | |
| 3 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 | |
| 4 | |
| 5 | |
| 6 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
| 7 <http://fsf.org/> | |
| 8 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
| 9 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
| 10 | |
| 11 0. PREAMBLE | |
| 12 | |
| 13 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other | |
| 14 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to | |
| 15 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, | |
| 16 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. | |
| 17 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way | |
| 18 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible | |
| 19 for modifications made by others. | |
| 20 | |
| 21 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative | |
| 22 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It | |
| 23 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft | |
| 24 license designed for free software. | |
| 25 | |
| 26 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free | |
| 27 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free | |
| 28 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the | |
| 29 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; | |
| 30 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or | |
| 31 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License | |
| 32 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. | |
| 33 | |
| 34 | |
| 35 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS | |
| 36 | |
| 37 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that | |
| 38 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be | |
| 39 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a | |
| 40 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that | |
| 41 work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, | |
| 42 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a | |
| 43 licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you | |
| 44 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission | |
| 45 under copyright law. | |
| 46 | |
| 47 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the | |
| 48 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with | |
| 49 modifications and/or translated into another language. | |
| 50 | |
| 51 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of | |
| 52 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the | |
| 53 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall | |
| 54 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall | |
| 55 directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in | |
| 56 part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain | |
| 57 any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical | |
| 58 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, | |
| 59 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding | |
| 60 them. | |
| 61 | |
| 62 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles | |
| 63 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice | |
| 64 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a | |
| 65 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not | |
| 66 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero | |
| 67 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant | |
| 68 Sections then there are none. | |
| 69 | |
| 70 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, | |
| 71 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that | |
| 72 the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may | |
| 73 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. | |
| 74 | |
| 75 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, | |
| 76 represented in a format whose specification is available to the | |
| 77 general public, that is suitable for revising the document | |
| 78 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of | |
| 79 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available | |
| 80 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or | |
| 81 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input | |
| 82 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file | |
| 83 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart | |
| 84 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. | |
| 85 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount | |
| 86 of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". | |
| 87 | |
| 88 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain | |
| 89 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML | |
| 90 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple | |
| 91 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of | |
| 92 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats | |
| 93 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by | |
| 94 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or | |
| 95 processing tools are not generally available, and the | |
| 96 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word | |
| 97 processors for output purposes only. | |
| 98 | |
| 99 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, | |
| 100 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material | |
| 101 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in | |
| 102 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means | |
| 103 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, | |
| 104 preceding the beginning of the body of the text. | |
| 105 | |
| 106 The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of | |
| 107 the Document to the public. | |
| 108 | |
| 109 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose | |
| 110 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following | |
| 111 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a | |
| 112 specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", | |
| 113 "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" | |
| 114 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a | |
| 115 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. | |
| 116 | |
| 117 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which | |
| 118 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty | |
| 119 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this | |
| 120 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other | |
| 121 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has | |
| 122 no effect on the meaning of this License. | |
| 123 | |
| 124 2. VERBATIM COPYING | |
| 125 | |
| 126 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either | |
| 127 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the | |
| 128 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies | |
| 129 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no | |
| 130 other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use | |
| 131 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further | |
| 132 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept | |
| 133 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough | |
| 134 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. | |
| 135 | |
| 136 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and | |
| 137 you may publicly display copies. | |
| 138 | |
| 139 | |
| 140 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY | |
| 141 | |
| 142 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have | |
| 143 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the | |
| 144 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the | |
| 145 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover | |
| 146 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on | |
| 147 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify | |
| 148 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present | |
| 149 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and | |
| 150 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. | |
| 151 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve | |
| 152 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated | |
| 153 as verbatim copying in other respects. | |
| 154 | |
| 155 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit | |
| 156 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit | |
| 157 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent | |
| 158 pages. | |
| 159 | |
| 160 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering | |
| 161 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent | |
| 162 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy | |
| 163 a computer-network location from which the general network-using | |
| 164 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols | |
| 165 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. | |
| 166 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, | |
| 167 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure | |
| 168 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated | |
| 169 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an | |
| 170 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that | |
| 171 edition to the public. | |
| 172 | |
| 173 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the | |
| 174 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to | |
| 175 give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the | |
| 176 Document. | |
| 177 | |
| 178 | |
| 179 4. MODIFICATIONS | |
| 180 | |
| 181 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under | |
| 182 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release | |
| 183 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified | |
| 184 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution | |
| 185 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy | |
| 186 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: | |
| 187 | |
| 188 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct | |
| 189 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions | |
| 190 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section | |
| 191 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version | |
| 192 if the original publisher of that version gives permission. | |
| 193 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities | |
| 194 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified | |
| 195 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the | |
| 196 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), | |
| 197 unless they release you from this requirement. | |
| 198 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the | |
| 199 Modified Version, as the publisher. | |
| 200 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. | |
| 201 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications | |
| 202 adjacent to the other copyright notices. | |
| 203 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice | |
| 204 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the | |
| 205 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. | |
| 206 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections | |
| 207 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. | |
| 208 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. | |
| 209 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add | |
| 210 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and | |
| 211 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If | |
| 212 there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one | |
| 213 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as | |
| 214 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified | |
| 215 Version as stated in the previous sentence. | |
| 216 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for | |
| 217 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise | |
| 218 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions | |
| 219 it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. | |
| 220 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at | |
| 221 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original | |
| 222 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. | |
| 223 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", | |
| 224 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all | |
| 225 the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements | |
| 226 and/or dedications given therein. | |
| 227 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, | |
| 228 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers | |
| 229 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. | |
| 230 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section | |
| 231 may not be included in the Modified Version. | |
| 232 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" | |
| 233 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. | |
| 234 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. | |
| 235 | |
| 236 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or | |
| 237 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material | |
| 238 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all | |
| 239 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the | |
| 240 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. | |
| 241 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. | |
| 242 | |
| 243 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains | |
| 244 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various | |
| 245 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has | |
| 246 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a | |
| 247 standard. | |
| 248 | |
| 249 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a | |
| 250 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list | |
| 251 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of | |
| 252 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or | |
| 253 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already | |
| 254 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or | |
| 255 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, | |
| 256 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit | |
| 257 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. | |
| 258 | |
| 259 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License | |
| 260 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or | |
| 261 imply endorsement of any Modified Version. | |
| 262 | |
| 263 | |
| 264 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS | |
| 265 | |
| 266 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this | |
| 267 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified | |
| 268 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the | |
| 269 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and | |
| 270 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its | |
| 271 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. | |
| 272 | |
| 273 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and | |
| 274 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single | |
| 275 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but | |
| 276 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by | |
| 277 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original | |
| 278 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. | |
| 279 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of | |
| 280 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. | |
| 281 | |
| 282 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" | |
| 283 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled | |
| 284 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", | |
| 285 and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections | |
| 286 Entitled "Endorsements". | |
| 287 | |
| 288 | |
| 289 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS | |
| 290 | |
| 291 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other | |
| 292 documents released under this License, and replace the individual | |
| 293 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy | |
| 294 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules | |
| 295 of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all | |
| 296 other respects. | |
| 297 | |
| 298 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and | |
| 299 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a | |
| 300 copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this | |
| 301 License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that | |
| 302 document. | |
| 303 | |
| 304 | |
| 305 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS | |
| 306 | |
| 307 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate | |
| 308 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or | |
| 309 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright | |
| 310 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights | |
| 311 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. | |
| 312 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not | |
| 313 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves | |
| 314 derivative works of the Document. | |
| 315 | |
| 316 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these | |
| 317 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of | |
| 318 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on | |
| 319 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the | |
| 320 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. | |
| 321 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole | |
| 322 aggregate. | |
| 323 | |
| 324 | |
| 325 8. TRANSLATION | |
| 326 | |
| 327 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may | |
| 328 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. | |
| 329 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special | |
| 330 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include | |
| 331 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the | |
| 332 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a | |
| 333 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the | |
| 334 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include | |
| 335 the original English version of this License and the original versions | |
| 336 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between | |
| 337 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice | |
| 338 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. | |
| 339 | |
| 340 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", | |
| 341 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve | |
| 342 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual | |
| 343 title. | |
| 344 | |
| 345 | |
| 346 9. TERMINATION | |
| 347 | |
| 348 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document | |
| 349 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
| 350 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and | |
| 351 will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
| 352 | |
| 353 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license | |
| 354 from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, | |
| 355 unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally | |
| 356 terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder | |
| 357 fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to | |
| 358 60 days after the cessation. | |
| 359 | |
| 360 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is | |
| 361 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the | |
| 362 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have | |
| 363 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that | |
| 364 copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after | |
| 365 your receipt of the notice. | |
| 366 | |
| 367 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the | |
| 368 licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under | |
| 369 this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently | |
| 370 reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does | |
| 371 not give you any rights to use it. | |
| 372 | |
| 373 | |
| 374 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE | |
| 375 | |
| 376 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the | |
| 377 GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions | |
| 378 will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in | |
| 379 detail to address new problems or concerns. See | |
| 380 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. | |
| 381 | |
| 382 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. | |
| 383 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this | |
| 384 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of | |
| 385 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or | |
| 386 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the | |
| 387 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version | |
| 388 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not | |
| 389 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document | |
| 390 specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this | |
| 391 License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a | |
| 392 version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the | |
| 393 Document. | |
| 394 | |
| 395 11. RELICENSING | |
| 396 | |
| 397 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any | |
| 398 World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also | |
| 399 provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A | |
| 400 public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A | |
| 401 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site | |
| 402 means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. | |
| 403 | |
| 404 "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 | |
| 405 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit | |
| 406 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, | |
| 407 California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license | |
| 408 published by that same organization. | |
| 409 | |
| 410 "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in | |
| 411 part, as part of another Document. | |
| 412 | |
| 413 An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this | |
| 414 License, and if all works that were first published under this License | |
| 415 somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or | |
| 416 in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and | |
| 417 (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. | |
| 418 | |
| 419 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site | |
| 420 under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, | |
| 421 provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. |
