michael@3: michael@3: GNU Free Documentation License michael@3: Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 michael@3: michael@3: michael@3: Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. michael@3: michael@3: Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies michael@3: of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. michael@3: michael@3: 0. PREAMBLE michael@3: michael@3: The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other michael@3: functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to michael@3: assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, michael@3: with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. michael@3: Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way michael@3: to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible michael@3: for modifications made by others. michael@3: michael@3: This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative michael@3: works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It michael@3: complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft michael@3: license designed for free software. michael@3: michael@3: We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free michael@3: software, because free software needs free documentation: a free michael@3: program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the michael@3: software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; michael@3: it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or michael@3: whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License michael@3: principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. michael@3: michael@3: michael@3: 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS michael@3: michael@3: This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that michael@3: contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be michael@3: distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a michael@3: world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that michael@3: work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, michael@3: refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a michael@3: licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you michael@3: copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission michael@3: under copyright law. michael@3: michael@3: A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the michael@3: Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with michael@3: modifications and/or translated into another language. michael@3: michael@3: A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of michael@3: the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the michael@3: publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall michael@3: subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall michael@3: directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in michael@3: part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain michael@3: any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical michael@3: connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, michael@3: commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding michael@3: them. michael@3: michael@3: The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles michael@3: are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice michael@3: that says that the Document is released under this License. If a michael@3: section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not michael@3: allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero michael@3: Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant michael@3: Sections then there are none. michael@3: michael@3: The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, michael@3: as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that michael@3: the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may michael@3: be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. michael@3: michael@3: A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, michael@3: represented in a format whose specification is available to the michael@3: general public, that is suitable for revising the document michael@3: straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of michael@3: pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available michael@3: drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or michael@3: for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input michael@3: to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file michael@3: format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart michael@3: or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. michael@3: An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount michael@3: of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". michael@3: michael@3: Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain michael@3: ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML michael@3: or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple michael@3: HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of michael@3: transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats michael@3: include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by michael@3: proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or michael@3: processing tools are not generally available, and the michael@3: machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word michael@3: processors for output purposes only. michael@3: michael@3: The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, michael@3: plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material michael@3: this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in michael@3: formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means michael@3: the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, michael@3: preceding the beginning of the body of the text. michael@3: michael@3: The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of michael@3: the Document to the public. michael@3: michael@3: A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose michael@3: title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following michael@3: text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a michael@3: specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", michael@3: "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" michael@3: of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a michael@3: section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. michael@3: michael@3: The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which michael@3: states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty michael@3: Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this michael@3: License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other michael@3: implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has michael@3: no effect on the meaning of this License. michael@3: michael@3: 2. VERBATIM COPYING michael@3: michael@3: You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either michael@3: commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the michael@3: copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies michael@3: to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no michael@3: other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use michael@3: technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further michael@3: copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept michael@3: compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough michael@3: number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. michael@3: michael@3: You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and michael@3: you may publicly display copies. michael@3: michael@3: michael@3: 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY michael@3: michael@3: If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have michael@3: printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the michael@3: Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the michael@3: copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover michael@3: Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on michael@3: the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify michael@3: you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present michael@3: the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and michael@3: visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. michael@3: Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve michael@3: the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated michael@3: as verbatim copying in other respects. michael@3: michael@3: If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit michael@3: legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit michael@3: reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent michael@3: pages. michael@3: michael@3: If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering michael@3: more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent michael@3: copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy michael@3: a computer-network location from which the general network-using michael@3: public has access to download using public-standard network protocols michael@3: a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. michael@3: If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, michael@3: when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure michael@3: that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated michael@3: location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an michael@3: Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that michael@3: edition to the public. michael@3: michael@3: It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the michael@3: Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to michael@3: give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the michael@3: Document. michael@3: michael@3: michael@3: 4. MODIFICATIONS michael@3: michael@3: You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under michael@3: the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release michael@3: the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified michael@3: Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution michael@3: and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy michael@3: of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: michael@3: michael@3: A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct michael@3: from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions michael@3: (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section michael@3: of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version michael@3: if the original publisher of that version gives permission. michael@3: B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities michael@3: responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified michael@3: Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the michael@3: Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), michael@3: unless they release you from this requirement. michael@3: C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the michael@3: Modified Version, as the publisher. michael@3: D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. michael@3: E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications michael@3: adjacent to the other copyright notices. michael@3: F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice michael@3: giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the michael@3: terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. michael@3: G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections michael@3: and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. michael@3: H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. michael@3: I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add michael@3: to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and michael@3: publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If michael@3: there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one michael@3: stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as michael@3: given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified michael@3: Version as stated in the previous sentence. michael@3: J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for michael@3: public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise michael@3: the network locations given in the Document for previous versions michael@3: it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. michael@3: You may omit a network location for a work that was published at michael@3: least four years before the Document itself, or if the original michael@3: publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. michael@3: K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", michael@3: Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all michael@3: the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements michael@3: and/or dedications given therein. michael@3: L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, michael@3: unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers michael@3: or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. michael@3: M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section michael@3: may not be included in the Modified Version. michael@3: N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" michael@3: or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. michael@3: O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. michael@3: michael@3: If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or michael@3: appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material michael@3: copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all michael@3: of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the michael@3: list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. michael@3: These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. michael@3: michael@3: You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains michael@3: nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various michael@3: parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has michael@3: been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a michael@3: standard. michael@3: michael@3: You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a michael@3: passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list michael@3: of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of michael@3: Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or michael@3: through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already michael@3: includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or michael@3: by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, michael@3: you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit michael@3: permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. michael@3: michael@3: The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License michael@3: give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or michael@3: imply endorsement of any Modified Version. michael@3: michael@3: michael@3: 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS michael@3: michael@3: You may combine the Document with other documents released under this michael@3: License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified michael@3: versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the michael@3: Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and michael@3: list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its michael@3: license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. michael@3: michael@3: The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and michael@3: multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single michael@3: copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but michael@3: different contents, make the title of each such section unique by michael@3: adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original michael@3: author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. michael@3: Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of michael@3: Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. michael@3: michael@3: In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" michael@3: in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled michael@3: "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", michael@3: and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections michael@3: Entitled "Endorsements". michael@3: michael@3: michael@3: 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS michael@3: michael@3: You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other michael@3: documents released under this License, and replace the individual michael@3: copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy michael@3: that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules michael@3: of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all michael@3: other respects. michael@3: michael@3: You may extract a single document from such a collection, and michael@3: distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a michael@3: copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this michael@3: License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that michael@3: document. michael@3: michael@3: michael@3: 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS michael@3: michael@3: A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate michael@3: and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or michael@3: distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright michael@3: resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights michael@3: of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. michael@3: When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not michael@3: apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves michael@3: derivative works of the Document. michael@3: michael@3: If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these michael@3: copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of michael@3: the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on michael@3: covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the michael@3: electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. michael@3: Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole michael@3: aggregate. michael@3: michael@3: michael@3: 8. TRANSLATION michael@3: michael@3: Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may michael@3: distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. michael@3: Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special michael@3: permission from their copyright holders, but you may include michael@3: translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the michael@3: original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a michael@3: translation of this License, and all the license notices in the michael@3: Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include michael@3: the original English version of this License and the original versions michael@3: of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between michael@3: the translation and the original version of this License or a notice michael@3: or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. michael@3: michael@3: If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", michael@3: "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve michael@3: its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual michael@3: title. michael@3: michael@3: michael@3: 9. TERMINATION michael@3: michael@3: You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document michael@3: except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt michael@3: otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and michael@3: will automatically terminate your rights under this License. michael@3: michael@3: However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license michael@3: from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, michael@3: unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally michael@3: terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder michael@3: fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to michael@3: 60 days after the cessation. michael@3: michael@3: Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is michael@3: reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the michael@3: violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have michael@3: received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that michael@3: copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after michael@3: your receipt of the notice. michael@3: michael@3: Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the michael@3: licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under michael@3: this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently michael@3: reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does michael@3: not give you any rights to use it. michael@3: michael@3: michael@3: 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE michael@3: michael@3: The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the michael@3: GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions michael@3: will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in michael@3: detail to address new problems or concerns. See michael@3: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. michael@3: michael@3: Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. michael@3: If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this michael@3: License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of michael@3: following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or michael@3: of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the michael@3: Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version michael@3: number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not michael@3: as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document michael@3: specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this michael@3: License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a michael@3: version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the michael@3: Document. michael@3: michael@3: 11. RELICENSING michael@3: michael@3: "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any michael@3: World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also michael@3: provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A michael@3: public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A michael@3: "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site michael@3: means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. michael@3: michael@3: "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 michael@3: license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit michael@3: corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, michael@3: California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license michael@3: published by that same organization. michael@3: michael@3: "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in michael@3: part, as part of another Document. michael@3: michael@3: An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this michael@3: License, and if all works that were first published under this License michael@3: somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or michael@3: in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and michael@3: (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. michael@3: michael@3: The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site michael@3: under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, michael@3: provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.