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| 51 <div class="body"> | |
| 52 | |
| 53 <div class="section" id="mock-library-comparison"> | |
| 54 <h1>Mock Library Comparison<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-library-comparison" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> | |
| 55 <p>A side-by-side comparison of how to accomplish some basic tasks with mock and | |
| 56 some other popular Python mocking libraries and frameworks.</p> | |
| 57 <p>These are:</p> | |
| 58 <ul class="simple"> | |
| 59 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/flexmock">flexmock</a></li> | |
| 60 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mox">mox</a></li> | |
| 61 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://niemeyer.net/mocker">Mocker</a></li> | |
| 62 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/dingus">dingus</a></li> | |
| 63 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/fudge">fudge</a></li> | |
| 64 </ul> | |
| 65 <p>Popular python mocking frameworks not yet represented here include | |
| 66 <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/MiniMock">MiniMock</a>.</p> | |
| 67 <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pmock.sourceforge.net/">pMock</a> (last release 2004 and doesn’t import | |
| 68 in recent versions of Python) and | |
| 69 <a class="reference external" href="http://python-mock.sourceforge.net/">python-mock</a> (last release 2005) are | |
| 70 intentionally omitted.</p> | |
| 71 <div class="admonition note"> | |
| 72 <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> | |
| 73 <p>A more up to date, and tested for all mock libraries (only the mock | |
| 74 examples on this page can be executed as doctests) version of this | |
| 75 comparison is maintained by Gary Bernhardt:</p> | |
| 76 <ul class="last simple"> | |
| 77 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/">Python Mock Library Comparison</a></li> | |
| 78 </ul> | |
| 79 </div> | |
| 80 <p>This comparison is by no means complete, and also may not be fully idiomatic | |
| 81 for all the libraries represented. <em>Please</em> contribute corrections, missing | |
| 82 comparisons, or comparisons for additional libraries to the <a class="reference external" href="https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list">mock issue | |
| 83 tracker</a>.</p> | |
| 84 <p>This comparison page was originally created by the <a class="reference external" href="https://code.google.com/p/pymox/wiki/MoxComparison">Mox project</a> and then extended for | |
| 85 <a class="reference external" href="http://has207.github.com/flexmock/compare.html">flexmock and mock</a> by | |
| 86 Herman Sheremetyev. Dingus examples written by <a class="reference external" href="http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/">Gary Bernhadt</a>. fudge examples | |
| 87 provided by <a class="reference external" href="http://farmdev.com/">Kumar McMillan</a>.</p> | |
| 88 <div class="admonition note"> | |
| 89 <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> | |
| 90 <p>The examples tasks here were originally created by Mox which is a mocking | |
| 91 <em>framework</em> rather than a library like mock. The tasks shown naturally | |
| 92 exemplify tasks that frameworks are good at and not the ones they make | |
| 93 harder. In particular you can take a <cite>Mock</cite> or <cite>MagicMock</cite> object and use | |
| 94 it in any way you want with no up-front configuration. The same is also | |
| 95 true for Dingus.</p> | |
| 96 <p class="last">The examples for mock here assume version 0.7.0.</p> | |
| 97 </div> | |
| 98 <div class="section" id="simple-fake-object"> | |
| 99 <h2>Simple fake object<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-fake-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> | |
| 100 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> | |
| 101 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 102 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"calculated value"</span> | |
| 103 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"value"</span> | |
| 104 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 105 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 106 </pre></div> | |
| 107 </div> | |
| 108 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> | |
| 109 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">lambda</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 110 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 111 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 112 | |
| 113 <span class="c"># Mox</span> | |
| 114 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 115 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 116 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"value"</span> | |
| 117 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 118 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 119 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 120 | |
| 121 <span class="c"># Mocker</span> | |
| 122 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 123 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 124 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 125 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 126 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"value"</span> | |
| 127 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 128 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 129 </pre></div> | |
| 130 </div> | |
| 131 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> | |
| 132 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> | |
| 133 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">some_method__returns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 134 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 135 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 136 </pre></div> | |
| 137 </div> | |
| 138 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> | |
| 139 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 140 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 141 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 142 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 143 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 144 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 145 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 146 </pre></div> | |
| 147 </div> | |
| 148 </div> | |
| 149 <div class="section" id="simple-mock"> | |
| 150 <h2>Simple mock<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> | |
| 151 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> | |
| 152 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 153 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"value"</span> | |
| 154 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 155 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 156 </pre></div> | |
| 157 </div> | |
| 158 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> | |
| 159 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 160 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"some_method"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span> | |
| 161 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 162 | |
| 163 <span class="c"># Mox</span> | |
| 164 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 165 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 166 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 167 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 168 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 169 | |
| 170 <span class="c"># Mocker</span> | |
| 171 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 172 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 173 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 174 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 175 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 176 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 177 </pre></div> | |
| 178 </div> | |
| 179 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> | |
| 180 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_method__returns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 181 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 182 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 183 </pre></div> | |
| 184 </div> | |
| 185 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> | |
| 186 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span> | |
| 187 <span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> | |
| 188 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 189 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 190 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 191 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">times_called</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 192 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 193 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 194 <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> | |
| 195 <span class="c">...</span> | |
| 196 <span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">fake:my_fake.some_method() was not called</span> | |
| 197 </pre></div> | |
| 198 </div> | |
| 199 </div> | |
| 200 <div class="section" id="creating-partial-mocks"> | |
| 201 <h2>Creating partial mocks<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-partial-mocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> | |
| 202 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> | |
| 203 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 204 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 205 </pre></div> | |
| 206 </div> | |
| 207 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> | |
| 208 <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"some_method"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 209 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 210 | |
| 211 <span class="c"># Mox</span> | |
| 212 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 213 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 214 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 215 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 216 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 217 | |
| 218 <span class="c"># Mocker</span> | |
| 219 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 220 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Get</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 221 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 222 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 223 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 224 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 225 </pre></div> | |
| 226 </div> | |
| 227 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> | |
| 228 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span> | |
| 229 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 230 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 231 </pre></div> | |
| 232 </div> | |
| 233 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> | |
| 234 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"<fudge-value>"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 235 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patched_context</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fake</span><span class="p">):</span> | |
| 236 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 237 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"<fudge-value>"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 238 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 239 </pre></div> | |
| 240 </div> | |
| 241 </div> | |
| 242 <div class="section" id="ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order"> | |
| 243 <h2>Ensure calls are made in specific order<a class="headerlink" href="#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> | |
| 244 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> | |
| 245 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 246 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 247 <span class="go"><Mock name='mock.method1()' id='...'></span> | |
| 248 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 249 <span class="go"><Mock name='mock.method2()' id='...'></span> | |
| 250 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()])</span> | |
| 251 </pre></div> | |
| 252 </div> | |
| 253 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> | |
| 254 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 255 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method1'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ordered</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'first thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 256 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method2'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ordered</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'second thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 257 | |
| 258 <span class="c"># Mox</span> | |
| 259 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 260 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'first thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 261 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'second thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 262 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 263 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 264 | |
| 265 <span class="c"># Mocker</span> | |
| 266 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 267 <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order</span><span class="p">():</span> | |
| 268 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 269 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'first thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 270 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 271 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'second thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 272 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 273 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 274 </pre></div> | |
| 275 </div> | |
| 276 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> | |
| 277 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 278 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 279 <span class="go"><Dingus ...></span> | |
| 280 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 281 <span class="go"><Dingus ...></span> | |
| 282 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">'method1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'method2'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">])</span> | |
| 283 </pre></div> | |
| 284 </div> | |
| 285 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> | |
| 286 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span> | |
| 287 <span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> | |
| 288 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 289 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remember_order</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 290 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method1'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 291 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method2'</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 292 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 293 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 294 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 295 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 296 <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> | |
| 297 <span class="c">...</span> | |
| 298 <span class="gr">AssertionError: Call #1 was fake:my_fake.method2(); Expected</span>: <span class="n">#1 fake:my_fake.method1(), #2 fake:my_fake.method2(), end</span> | |
| 299 </pre></div> | |
| 300 </div> | |
| 301 </div> | |
| 302 <div class="section" id="raising-exceptions"> | |
| 303 <h2>Raising exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#raising-exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> | |
| 304 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> | |
| 305 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 306 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"message"</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 307 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 308 </pre></div> | |
| 309 </div> | |
| 310 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> | |
| 311 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 312 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"some_method"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"message"</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 313 <span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 314 | |
| 315 <span class="c"># Mox</span> | |
| 316 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 317 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndRaise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"message"</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 318 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 319 <span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 320 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 321 | |
| 322 <span class="c"># Mocker</span> | |
| 323 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 324 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 325 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">throw</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"message"</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 326 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 327 <span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 328 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 329 </pre></div> | |
| 330 </div> | |
| 331 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> | |
| 332 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 333 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exception_raiser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 334 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 335 </pre></div> | |
| 336 </div> | |
| 337 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> | |
| 338 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 339 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 340 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"message"</span><span class="p">)))</span> | |
| 341 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 342 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 343 <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> | |
| 344 <span class="c">...</span> | |
| 345 <span class="gr">SomeException</span>: <span class="n">message</span> | |
| 346 </pre></div> | |
| 347 </div> | |
| 348 </div> | |
| 349 <div class="section" id="override-new-instances-of-a-class"> | |
| 350 <h2>Override new instances of a class<a class="headerlink" href="#override-new-instances-of-a-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> | |
| 351 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> | |
| 352 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'somemodule.Someclass'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">:</span> | |
| 353 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_other_object</span> | |
| 354 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Someclass</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 355 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 356 </pre></div> | |
| 357 </div> | |
| 358 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> | |
| 359 <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_instances</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 360 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 361 | |
| 362 <span class="c"># Mox</span> | |
| 363 <span class="c"># (you will probably have mox.Mox() available as self.mox in a real test)</span> | |
| 364 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mox</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">StubOutWithMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_module</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'SomeClass'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">use_mock_anything</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 365 <span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 366 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReplayAll</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 367 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 368 | |
| 369 <span class="c"># Mocker</span> | |
| 370 <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 371 <span class="n">klass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 372 <span class="n">klass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'expected'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'args'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 373 <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 374 </pre></div> | |
| 375 </div> | |
| 376 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> | |
| 377 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MockClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 378 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'somemodule.SomeClass'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">):</span> | |
| 379 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 380 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 381 </pre></div> | |
| 382 </div> | |
| 383 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> | |
| 384 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@fudge.patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'somemodule.SomeClass'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 385 <span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FakeClass</span><span class="p">):</span> | |
| 386 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">FakeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 387 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 388 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 389 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 390 </pre></div> | |
| 391 </div> | |
| 392 </div> | |
| 393 <div class="section" id="call-the-same-method-multiple-times"> | |
| 394 <h2>Call the same method multiple times<a class="headerlink" href="#call-the-same-method-multiple-times" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> | |
| 395 <div class="admonition note"> | |
| 396 <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> | |
| 397 <p class="last">You don’t need to do <em>any</em> configuration to call <cite>mock.Mock()</cite> methods | |
| 398 multiple times. Attributes like <cite>call_count</cite>, <cite>call_args_list</cite> and | |
| 399 <cite>method_calls</cite> provide various different ways of making assertions about | |
| 400 how the mock was used.</p> | |
| 401 </div> | |
| 402 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> | |
| 403 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 404 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 405 <span class="go"><Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'></span> | |
| 406 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 407 <span class="go"><Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'></span> | |
| 408 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span> <span class="o">>=</span> <span class="mi">2</span> | |
| 409 </pre></div> | |
| 410 </div> | |
| 411 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock # (verifies that the method gets called at least twice)</span> | |
| 412 <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">at_least</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">twice</span> | |
| 413 | |
| 414 <span class="c"># Mox</span> | |
| 415 <span class="c"># (does not support variable number of calls, so you need to create a new entry for each explicit call)</span> | |
| 416 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 417 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 418 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">())</span> | |
| 419 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 420 <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 421 | |
| 422 <span class="c"># Mocker</span> | |
| 423 <span class="c"># (TODO)</span> | |
| 424 </pre></div> | |
| 425 </div> | |
| 426 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> | |
| 427 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 428 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 429 <span class="go"><Dingus ...></span> | |
| 430 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 431 <span class="go"><Dingus ...></span> | |
| 432 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span> | |
| 433 </pre></div> | |
| 434 </div> | |
| 435 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> | |
| 436 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span> | |
| 437 <span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> | |
| 438 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">times_called</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 439 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 440 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 441 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 442 <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> | |
| 443 <span class="c">...</span> | |
| 444 <span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">fake:my_fake.some_method() was called 1 time(s). Expected 2.</span> | |
| 445 </pre></div> | |
| 446 </div> | |
| 447 </div> | |
| 448 <div class="section" id="mock-chained-methods"> | |
| 449 <h2>Mock chained methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-chained-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> | |
| 450 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> | |
| 451 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 452 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">method3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span> | |
| 453 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'some value'</span> | |
| 454 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some value'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 455 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 456 </pre></div> | |
| 457 </div> | |
| 458 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> | |
| 459 <span class="c"># (intermediate method calls are automatically assigned to temporary fake objects</span> | |
| 460 <span class="c"># and can be called with any arguments)</span> | |
| 461 <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span> | |
| 462 <span class="s">'method1.method2.method3'</span> | |
| 463 <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some value'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 464 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_value'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 465 </pre></div> | |
| 466 </div> | |
| 467 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Mox</span> | |
| 468 <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 469 <span class="n">mock2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 470 <span class="n">mock3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 471 <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 472 <span class="n">mock2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock2</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 473 <span class="n">mock3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_value'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 474 <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReplayAll</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 475 <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"some_value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 476 <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">VerifyAll</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 477 | |
| 478 <span class="c"># Mocker</span> | |
| 479 <span class="c"># (TODO)</span> | |
| 480 </pre></div> | |
| 481 </div> | |
| 482 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> | |
| 483 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 484 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">method3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span> | |
| 485 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'some value'</span> | |
| 486 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some value'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 487 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'()'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 488 </pre></div> | |
| 489 </div> | |
| 490 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> | |
| 491 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span> | |
| 492 <span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> | |
| 493 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 494 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_fake</span> | |
| 495 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method1'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 496 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns_fake</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 497 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method2'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 498 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns_fake</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 499 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method3'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 500 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 501 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some value'</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 502 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some value'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> | |
| 503 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 504 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 505 </pre></div> | |
| 506 </div> | |
| 507 </div> | |
| 508 <div class="section" id="mocking-a-context-manager"> | |
| 509 <h2>Mocking a context manager<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-a-context-manager" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> | |
| 510 <p>Examples for mock, Dingus and fudge only (so far):</p> | |
| 511 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> | |
| 512 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 513 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">:</span> | |
| 514 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> | |
| 515 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 516 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 517 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 518 </pre></div> | |
| 519 </div> | |
| 520 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus (nothing special here; all dinguses are "magic mocks")</span> | |
| 521 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 522 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="p">:</span> | |
| 523 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> | |
| 524 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 525 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 526 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'()'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 527 </pre></div> | |
| 528 </div> | |
| 529 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> | |
| 530 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__enter__'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__exit__'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 531 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="p">:</span> | |
| 532 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> | |
| 533 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 534 </pre></div> | |
| 535 </div> | |
| 536 </div> | |
| 537 <div class="section" id="mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager"> | |
| 538 <h2>Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> | |
| 539 <p>Example for mock only (so far):</p> | |
| 540 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> | |
| 541 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 542 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__builtin__.open'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">):</span> | |
| 543 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> | |
| 544 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'some data'</span> | |
| 545 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span> | |
| 546 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 547 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 548 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> | |
| 549 <span class="go">'some data'</span> | |
| 550 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 551 </pre></div> | |
| 552 </div> | |
| 553 <p><em>or</em>:</p> | |
| 554 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> | |
| 555 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__builtin__.open'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">:</span> | |
| 556 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span> | |
| 557 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 558 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'some data'</span> | |
| 559 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span> | |
| 560 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 561 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 562 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> | |
| 563 <span class="go">'some data'</span> | |
| 564 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 565 </pre></div> | |
| 566 </div> | |
| 567 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> | |
| 568 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 569 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__builtin__.open'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="p">):</span> | |
| 570 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">file_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> | |
| 571 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">file_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'some data'</span> | |
| 572 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span> | |
| 573 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 574 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 575 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> | |
| 576 <span class="go">'some data'</span> | |
| 577 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'()'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 578 </pre></div> | |
| 579 </div> | |
| 580 <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> | |
| 581 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">contextlib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">contextmanager</span> | |
| 582 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span> | |
| 583 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@contextmanager</span> | |
| 584 <span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fake_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">):</span> | |
| 585 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'sekrets'</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 586 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 587 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__builtin__.open'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">fake_open</span><span class="p">:</span> | |
| 588 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fake_open</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fake_file</span><span class="p">)</span> | |
| 589 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'/etc/password'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span> | |
| 590 <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> | |
| 591 <span class="gp">...</span> | |
| 592 <span class="go">fake:__builtin__.open</span> | |
| 593 <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> | |
| 594 <span class="go">'sekrets'</span> | |
| 595 </pre></div> | |
| 596 </div> | |
| 597 </div> | |
| 598 </div> | |
| 599 | |
| 600 | |
| 601 </div> | |
| 602 </div> | |
| 603 </div> | |
| 604 <div class="sphinxsidebar"> | |
| 605 <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> | |
| 606 <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> | |
| 607 <ul> | |
| 608 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Mock Library Comparison</a><ul> | |
| 609 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-fake-object">Simple fake object</a></li> | |
| 610 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-mock">Simple mock</a></li> | |
| 611 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-partial-mocks">Creating partial mocks</a></li> | |
| 612 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order">Ensure calls are made in specific order</a></li> | |
| 613 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li> | |
| 614 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#override-new-instances-of-a-class">Override new instances of a class</a></li> | |
| 615 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#call-the-same-method-multiple-times">Call the same method multiple times</a></li> | |
| 616 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-chained-methods">Mock chained methods</a></li> | |
| 617 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-a-context-manager">Mocking a context manager</a></li> | |
| 618 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager">Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager</a></li> | |
| 619 </ul> | |
| 620 </li> | |
| 621 </ul> | |
| 622 | |
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