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1.52 + <div class="section" id="mock-mocking-and-testing-library">
1.53 +<h1>Mock - Mocking and Testing Library<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-mocking-and-testing-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
1.54 +<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
1.55 +<col class="field-name" />
1.56 +<col class="field-body" />
1.57 +<tbody valign="top">
1.58 +<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Author:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/index.shtml">Michael Foord</a></td>
1.59 +</tr>
1.60 +<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Version:</th><td class="field-body">1.0.0</td>
1.61 +</tr>
1.62 +<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Date:</th><td class="field-body">2012/10/07</td>
1.63 +</tr>
1.64 +<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Homepage:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/">Mock Homepage</a></td>
1.65 +</tr>
1.66 +<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Download:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock">Mock on PyPI</a></td>
1.67 +</tr>
1.68 +<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Documentation:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf">PDF Documentation</a></td>
1.69 +</tr>
1.70 +<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">License:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml">BSD License</a></td>
1.71 +</tr>
1.72 +<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Support:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python">Mailing list (testing-in-python@lists.idyll.org)</a></td>
1.73 +</tr>
1.74 +<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Issue tracker:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list">Google code project</a></td>
1.75 +</tr>
1.76 +</tbody>
1.77 +</table>
1.78 +<span class="target" id="module-mock"></span><p id="index-0">mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of
1.79 +your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they
1.80 +have been used.</p>
1.81 +<p>mock is now part of the Python standard library, available as <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock">unittest.mock</a>
1.82 +in Python 3.3 onwards.</p>
1.83 +<p>mock provides a core <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> class removing the need to create a host
1.84 +of stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make
1.85 +assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were
1.86 +called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in
1.87 +the normal way.</p>
1.88 +<p>Additionally, mock provides a <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorator that handles patching
1.89 +module and class level attributes within the scope of a test, along with
1.90 +<a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.sentinel" title="mock.sentinel"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt></a> for creating unique objects. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#quick-guide">quick guide</a> for
1.91 +some examples of how to use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> and
1.92 +<a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a>.</p>
1.93 +<p>Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with
1.94 +<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest</a>. Mock is based on
1.95 +the ‘action -> assertion’ pattern instead of <cite>‘record -> replay’</cite> used by many
1.96 +mocking frameworks.</p>
1.97 +<p>mock is tested on Python versions 2.4-2.7, Python 3 plus the latest versions of
1.98 +Jython and PyPy.</p>
1.99 +<div class="section" id="api-documentation">
1.100 +<h2>API Documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#api-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
1.101 +<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
1.102 +<ul>
1.103 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html">The Mock Class</a></li>
1.104 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#calling">Calling</a></li>
1.105 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#deleting-attributes">Deleting Attributes</a></li>
1.106 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li>
1.107 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html">Patch Decorators</a><ul>
1.108 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch">patch</a></li>
1.109 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-object">patch.object</a></li>
1.110 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-dict">patch.dict</a></li>
1.111 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-multiple">patch.multiple</a></li>
1.112 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-methods-start-and-stop">patch methods: start and stop</a></li>
1.113 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#test-prefix">TEST_PREFIX</a></li>
1.114 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#nesting-patch-decorators">Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li>
1.115 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch">Where to patch</a></li>
1.116 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li>
1.117 +</ul>
1.118 +</li>
1.119 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a><ul>
1.120 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#call">call</a></li>
1.121 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#create-autospec">create_autospec</a></li>
1.122 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#any">ANY</a></li>
1.123 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#filter-dir">FILTER_DIR</a></li>
1.124 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock-open">mock_open</a></li>
1.125 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#autospeccing">Autospeccing</a></li>
1.126 +</ul>
1.127 +</li>
1.128 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html">Sentinel</a><ul>
1.129 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#sentinel-example">Sentinel Example</a></li>
1.130 +</ul>
1.131 +</li>
1.132 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html">Mocking Magic Methods</a></li>
1.133 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-mock">Magic Mock</a></li>
1.134 +</ul>
1.135 +</div>
1.136 +</div>
1.137 +<div class="section" id="user-guide">
1.138 +<h2>User Guide<a class="headerlink" href="#user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
1.139 +<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
1.140 +<ul>
1.141 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html">Getting Started with Mock</a><ul>
1.142 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html#using-mock">Using Mock</a></li>
1.143 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html#patch-decorators">Patch Decorators</a></li>
1.144 +</ul>
1.145 +</li>
1.146 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Further Examples</a><ul>
1.147 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-chained-calls">Mocking chained calls</a></li>
1.148 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#partial-mocking">Partial mocking</a></li>
1.149 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method">Mocking a Generator Method</a></li>
1.150 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li>
1.151 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods">Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li>
1.152 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li>
1.153 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments">Coping with mutable arguments</a></li>
1.154 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access">Raising exceptions on attribute access</a></li>
1.155 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#multiple-calls-with-different-effects">Multiple calls with different effects</a></li>
1.156 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#nesting-patches">Nesting Patches</a></li>
1.157 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li>
1.158 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li>
1.159 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li>
1.160 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li>
1.161 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching">More complex argument matching</a></li>
1.162 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects">Less verbose configuration of mock objects</a></li>
1.163 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#matching-any-argument-in-assertions">Matching any argument in assertions</a></li>
1.164 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-properties">Mocking Properties</a></li>
1.165 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-open">Mocking open</a></li>
1.166 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocks-without-some-attributes">Mocks without some attributes</a></li>
1.167 +</ul>
1.168 +</li>
1.169 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html">Mock Library Comparison</a><ul>
1.170 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#simple-fake-object">Simple fake object</a></li>
1.171 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#simple-mock">Simple mock</a></li>
1.172 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#creating-partial-mocks">Creating partial mocks</a></li>
1.173 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order">Ensure calls are made in specific order</a></li>
1.174 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li>
1.175 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#override-new-instances-of-a-class">Override new instances of a class</a></li>
1.176 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#call-the-same-method-multiple-times">Call the same method multiple times</a></li>
1.177 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mock-chained-methods">Mock chained methods</a></li>
1.178 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mocking-a-context-manager">Mocking a context manager</a></li>
1.179 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager">Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager</a></li>
1.180 +</ul>
1.181 +</li>
1.182 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html">CHANGELOG</a><ul>
1.183 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0">2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0</a></li>
1.184 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-beta-1">2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1</a></li>
1.185 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-alpha-2">2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2</a></li>
1.186 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-alpha-1">2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1</a></li>
1.187 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0">2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0</a></li>
1.188 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2">2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2</a></li>
1.189 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1">2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1</a></li>
1.190 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-4">2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4</a></li>
1.191 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-3">2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3</a></li>
1.192 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-2">2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2</a></li>
1.193 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-1">2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1</a></li>
1.194 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-alpha-2">2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2</a></li>
1.195 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-alpha-1">2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1</a></li>
1.196 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-2">2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2</a></li>
1.197 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-1">2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1</a></li>
1.198 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0">2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0</a></li>
1.199 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-rc-1">2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1</a></li>
1.200 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-4">2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4</a></li>
1.201 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-3">2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3</a></li>
1.202 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-2">2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2</a></li>
1.203 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-1">2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1</a></li>
1.204 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-6-0">2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0</a></li>
1.205 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-5-0">2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0</a></li>
1.206 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-4-0">2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0</a></li>
1.207 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-3-1">2007/12/03 Version 0.3.1</a></li>
1.208 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-3-0">2007/11/30 Version 0.3.0</a></li>
1.209 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-2-1">2007/11/21 Version 0.2.1</a></li>
1.210 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-2-0">2007/11/20 Version 0.2.0</a></li>
1.211 +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-1-0">2007/11/19 Version 0.1.0</a></li>
1.212 +</ul>
1.213 +</li>
1.214 +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#todo-and-limitations">TODO and Limitations</a></li>
1.215 +</ul>
1.216 +</div>
1.217 +</div>
1.218 +<div class="section" id="installing">
1.219 +<span id="index-1"></span><h2>Installing<a class="headerlink" href="#installing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
1.220 +<p>The current version is 1.0.0. Mock is stable and widely used. If you do
1.221 +find any bugs, or have suggestions for improvements / extensions
1.222 +then please contact us.</p>
1.223 +<ul class="simple">
1.224 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock">mock on PyPI</a></li>
1.225 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf">mock documentation as PDF</a></li>
1.226 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mock/">Google Code Home & Mercurial Repository</a></li>
1.227 +</ul>
1.228 +<span class="target" id="index-2"></span><p id="index-3">You can checkout the latest development version from the Google Code Mercurial
1.229 +repository with the following command:</p>
1.230 +<blockquote>
1.231 +<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hg</span> <span class="pre">clone</span> <span class="pre">https://mock.googlecode.com/hg/</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div></blockquote>
1.232 +<span class="target" id="index-4"></span><span class="target" id="index-5"></span><p id="index-6">If you have pip, setuptools or distribute you can install mock with:</p>
1.233 +<blockquote>
1.234 +<div><div class="line-block">
1.235 +<div class="line"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span> <span class="pre">-U</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div>
1.236 +<div class="line"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">-U</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div>
1.237 +</div>
1.238 +</div></blockquote>
1.239 +<p>Alternatively you can download the mock distribution from PyPI and after
1.240 +unpacking run:</p>
1.241 +<blockquote>
1.242 +<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">setup.py</span> <span class="pre">install</span></tt></div></blockquote>
1.243 +</div>
1.244 +<div class="section" id="quick-guide">
1.245 +<h2>Quick Guide<a class="headerlink" href="#quick-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
1.246 +<p><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> objects create all attributes and
1.247 +methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used. You
1.248 +can configure them, to specify return values or limit what attributes are
1.249 +available, and then make assertions about how they have been used:</p>
1.250 +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span>
1.251 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
1.252 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.253 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.254 +<span class="go">3</span>
1.255 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.256 +</pre></div>
1.257 +</div>
1.258 +<p><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> allows you to perform side effects, including raising an
1.259 +exception when a mock is called:</p>
1.260 +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">))</span>
1.261 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
1.262 +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
1.263 + <span class="c">...</span>
1.264 +<span class="gr">KeyError</span>: <span class="n">'foo'</span>
1.265 +
1.266 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">}</span>
1.267 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
1.268 +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">]</span>
1.269 +<span class="gp">...</span>
1.270 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
1.271 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.272 +<span class="go">(1, 2, 3)</span>
1.273 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
1.274 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
1.275 +<span class="go">(5, 4, 3)</span>
1.276 +</pre></div>
1.277 +</div>
1.278 +<p>Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For
1.279 +example the <cite>spec</cite> argument configures the mock to take its specification
1.280 +from another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock
1.281 +that don’t exist on the spec will fail with an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
1.282 +<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or
1.283 +objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a
1.284 +mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends:</p>
1.285 +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">patch</span>
1.286 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'module.ClassName2'</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.287 +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'module.ClassName1'</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.288 +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">):</span>
1.289 +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span><span class="p">()</span>
1.290 +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span><span class="p">()</span>
1.291 +
1.292 +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span>
1.293 +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span>
1.294 +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
1.295 +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
1.296 +<span class="gp">...</span>
1.297 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
1.298 +</pre></div>
1.299 +</div>
1.300 +<div class="admonition note">
1.301 +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
1.302 +<p>When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
1.303 +function in the same order they applied (the normal <em>python</em> order that
1.304 +decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
1.305 +above the mock for <cite>module.ClassName1</cite> is passed in first.</p>
1.306 +<p class="last">With <cite>patch</cite> it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
1.307 +are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
1.308 +read <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch"><em>where to patch</em></a>.</p>
1.309 +</div>
1.310 +<p>As well as a decorator <cite>patch</cite> can be used as a context manager in a with
1.311 +statement:</p>
1.312 +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'method'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">:</span>
1.313 +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
1.314 +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.315 +<span class="gp">...</span>
1.316 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.317 +</pre></div>
1.318 +</div>
1.319 +<p>There is also <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> for setting values in a dictionary just
1.320 +during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
1.321 +ends:</p>
1.322 +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'key'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">}</span>
1.323 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span>
1.324 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'newkey'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'newvalue'</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">clear</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">):</span>
1.325 +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'newkey'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'newvalue'</span><span class="p">}</span>
1.326 +<span class="gp">...</span>
1.327 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span>
1.328 +</pre></div>
1.329 +</div>
1.330 +<p>Mock supports the mocking of Python <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic methods</em></a>. The
1.331 +easiest way of using magic methods is with the <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> class. It
1.332 +allows you to do things like:</p>
1.333 +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
1.334 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'foobarbaz'</span>
1.335 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.336 +<span class="go">'foobarbaz'</span>
1.337 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
1.338 +</pre></div>
1.339 +</div>
1.340 +<p>Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods
1.341 +and they will be called appropriately. The <cite>MagicMock</cite> class is just a Mock
1.342 +variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well, all the
1.343 +useful ones anyway).</p>
1.344 +<p>The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock
1.345 +class:</p>
1.346 +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
1.347 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'wheeeeee'</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.348 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.349 +<span class="go">'wheeeeee'</span>
1.350 +</pre></div>
1.351 +</div>
1.352 +<p>For ensuring that the mock objects in your tests have the same api as the
1.353 +objects they are replacing, you can use <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>auto-speccing</em></a>.
1.354 +Auto-speccing can be done through the <cite>autospec</cite> argument to patch, or the
1.355 +<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec" title="mock.create_autospec"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_autospec()</span></tt></a> function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that
1.356 +have the same attributes and methods as the objects they are replacing, and
1.357 +any functions and methods (including constructors) have the same call
1.358 +signature as the real object.</p>
1.359 +<p>This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production
1.360 +code if they are used incorrectly:</p>
1.361 +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">create_autospec</span>
1.362 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">):</span>
1.363 +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
1.364 +<span class="gp">...</span>
1.365 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_autospec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'fishy'</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.366 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.367 +<span class="go">'fishy'</span>
1.368 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.369 +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'wrong arguments'</span><span class="p">)</span>
1.370 +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
1.371 + <span class="c">...</span>
1.372 +<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n"><lambda>() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given)</span>
1.373 +</pre></div>
1.374 +</div>
1.375 +<p><cite>create_autospec</cite> can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of
1.376 +the <cite>__init__</cite> method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of
1.377 +the <cite>__call__</cite> method.</p>
1.378 +<span class="target" id="index-7"></span></div>
1.379 +<div class="section" id="references">
1.380 +<span id="index-8"></span><h2>References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
1.381 +<p>Articles, blog entries and other stuff related to testing with Mock:</p>
1.382 +<ul class="simple">
1.383 +<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/carljm/django-testing-slides/blob/master/models/30_no_database.md">Imposing a No DB Discipline on Django unit tests</a></li>
1.384 +<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/dcramer/mock-django">mock-django: tools for mocking the Django ORM and models</a></li>
1.385 +<li><a class="reference external" href="https://blip.tv/file/4881513">PyCon 2011 Video: Testing with mock</a></li>
1.386 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://noopenblockers.com/2012/01/06/mock-objects-in-python/">Mock objects in Python</a></li>
1.387 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://blueprintforge.com/blog/2012/01/08/python-injecting-mock-objects-for-powerful-testing/">Python: Injecting Mock Objects for Powerful Testing</a></li>
1.388 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.michaelpollmeier.com/python-mock-how-to-assert-a-substring-of-logger-output/">Python Mock: How to assert a substring of logger output</a></li>
1.389 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.mattjmorrison.com/2011/09/mocking-django.html">Mocking Django</a></li>
1.390 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/">Mocking dates and other classes that can’t be modified</a></li>
1.391 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/06/mock-recipies.html">Mock recipes</a></li>
1.392 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/05/mockity-mock-mock-some-love-for-mock.html">Mockity mock mock - some love for the mock module</a></li>
1.393 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://mattsnider.com/python/mock-and-coverage/">Coverage and Mock (with django)</a></li>
1.394 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.insomnihack.com/?p=194">Python Unit Testing with Mock</a></li>
1.395 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://myadventuresincoding.wordpress.com/2011/02/26/python-python-mock-cheat-sheet/">Getting started with Python Mock</a></li>
1.396 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://tobyho.com/2011/03/24/smart-parameter-checks-in/">Smart Parameter Checks with mock</a></li>
1.397 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://agiletesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/python-mock-testing-techniques-and.html">Python mock testing techniques and tools</a></li>
1.398 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://techblog.ironfroggy.com/2008/10/how-to-test.html">How To Test Django Template Tags</a></li>
1.399 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypap.blogspot.com/2008/10/newbie-nugget-unit-testing-with-mock.html">A presentation on Unit Testing with Mock</a></li>
1.400 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://michael-a-nelson.blogspot.com/2008/09/mocking-with-django-and-google-app.html">Mocking with Django and Google AppEngine</a></li>
1.401 +</ul>
1.402 +<span class="target" id="index-9"></span></div>
1.403 +<div class="section" id="tests">
1.404 +<span id="index-10"></span><h2>Tests<a class="headerlink" href="#tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
1.405 +<p>Mock uses <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> for its own
1.406 +test suite. In order to run it, use the <cite>unit2</cite> script that comes with
1.407 +<cite>unittest2</cite> module on a checkout of the source repository:</p>
1.408 +<blockquote>
1.409 +<div><cite>unit2 discover</cite></div></blockquote>
1.410 +<p>If you have <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute">setuptools</a> as well as
1.411 +unittest2 you can run:</p>
1.412 +<blockquote>
1.413 +<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">setup.py</span> <span class="pre">test</span></tt></div></blockquote>
1.414 +<p>On Python 3.2 you can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt> module from the standard library.</p>
1.415 +<blockquote>
1.416 +<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python3.2</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">unittest</span> <span class="pre">discover</span></tt></div></blockquote>
1.417 +<p id="index-11">On Python 3 the tests for unicode are skipped as they are not relevant. On
1.418 +Python 2.4 tests that use the with statements are skipped as the with statement
1.419 +is invalid syntax on Python 2.4.</p>
1.420 +</div>
1.421 +<div class="section" id="older-versions">
1.422 +<span id="index-12"></span><h2>Older Versions<a class="headerlink" href="#older-versions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
1.423 +<p>Documentation for older versions of mock:</p>
1.424 +<ul class="simple">
1.425 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.8/">mock 0.8</a></li>
1.426 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.7/">mock 0.7</a></li>
1.427 +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.6.0/">mock 0.6</a></li>
1.428 +</ul>
1.429 +<p>Docs from the in-development version of <cite>mock</cite> can be found at
1.430 +<a class="reference external" href="http://mock.readthedocs.org">mock.readthedocs.org</a>.</p>
1.431 +</div>
1.432 +<div class="section" id="terminology">
1.433 +<h2>Terminology<a class="headerlink" href="#terminology" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
1.434 +<p>Terminology for objects used to replace other ones can be confusing. Terms
1.435 +like double, fake, mock, stub, and spy are all used with varying meanings.</p>
1.436 +<p>In <a class="reference external" href="http://xunitpatterns.com/Mocks,%20Fakes,%20Stubs%20and%20Dummies.html">classic mock terminology</a>
1.437 +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock.Mock</span></tt></a> is a <a class="reference external" href="http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Spy.html">spy</a> that
1.438 +allows for <em>post-mortem</em> examination. This is what I call the “action ->
1.439 +assertion” <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id2" id="id1">[1]</a> pattern of testing.</p>
1.440 +<p>I’m not however a fan of this “statically typed mocking terminology”
1.441 +promulgated by <a class="reference external" href="http://martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html">Martin Fowler</a>. It confuses usage
1.442 +patterns with implementation and prevents you from using natural terminology
1.443 +when discussing mocking.</p>
1.444 +<p>I much prefer duck typing, if an object used in your test suite looks like a
1.445 +mock object and quacks like a mock object then it’s fine to call it a mock, no
1.446 +matter what the implementation looks like.</p>
1.447 +<p>This terminology is perhaps more useful in less capable languages where
1.448 +different usage patterns will <em>require</em> different implementations.
1.449 +<cite>mock.Mock()</cite> is capable of being used in most of the different roles
1.450 +described by Fowler, except (annoyingly / frustratingly / ironically) a Mock
1.451 +itself!</p>
1.452 +<p>How about a simpler definition: a “mock object” is an object used to replace a
1.453 +real one in a system under test.</p>
1.454 +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id2" rules="none">
1.455 +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
1.456 +<tbody valign="top">
1.457 +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>This pattern is called “AAA” by some members of the testing community;
1.458 +“Arrange - Act - Assert”.</td></tr>
1.459 +</tbody>
1.460 +</table>
1.461 +</div>
1.462 +</div>
1.463 +
1.464 +
1.465 + </div>
1.466 + </div>
1.467 + </div>
1.468 + <div class="sphinxsidebar">
1.469 + <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
1.470 + <h3><a href="#">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
1.471 + <ul>
1.472 +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Mock - Mocking and Testing Library</a><ul>
1.473 +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#api-documentation">API Documentation</a><ul>
1.474 +</ul>
1.475 +</li>
1.476 +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-guide">User Guide</a><ul>
1.477 +</ul>
1.478 +</li>
1.479 +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing">Installing</a></li>
1.480 +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#quick-guide">Quick Guide</a></li>
1.481 +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
1.482 +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tests">Tests</a></li>
1.483 +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#older-versions">Older Versions</a></li>
1.484 +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#terminology">Terminology</a></li>
1.485 +</ul>
1.486 +</li>
1.487 +</ul>
1.488 +
1.489 + <h4>Next topic</h4>
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1.491 + title="next chapter">The Mock Class</a></p>
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