Wed, 31 Dec 2014 06:09:35 +0100
Cloned upstream origin tor-browser at tor-browser-31.3.0esr-4.5-1-build1
revision ID fc1c9ff7c1b2defdbc039f12214767608f46423f for hacking purpose.
michael@0 | 1 | // Copyright (c) 2011 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved. |
michael@0 | 2 | // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be |
michael@0 | 3 | // found in the LICENSE file. |
michael@0 | 4 | |
michael@0 | 5 | #include <string> |
michael@0 | 6 | |
michael@0 | 7 | #include "sandbox/win/src/filesystem_policy.h" |
michael@0 | 8 | |
michael@0 | 9 | #include "base/logging.h" |
michael@0 | 10 | #include "base/win/scoped_handle.h" |
michael@0 | 11 | #include "sandbox/win/src/ipc_tags.h" |
michael@0 | 12 | #include "sandbox/win/src/policy_engine_opcodes.h" |
michael@0 | 13 | #include "sandbox/win/src/policy_params.h" |
michael@0 | 14 | #include "sandbox/win/src/sandbox_utils.h" |
michael@0 | 15 | #include "sandbox/win/src/sandbox_types.h" |
michael@0 | 16 | #include "sandbox/win/src/win_utils.h" |
michael@0 | 17 | |
michael@0 | 18 | namespace { |
michael@0 | 19 | |
michael@0 | 20 | NTSTATUS NtCreateFileInTarget(HANDLE* target_file_handle, |
michael@0 | 21 | ACCESS_MASK desired_access, |
michael@0 | 22 | OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES* obj_attributes, |
michael@0 | 23 | IO_STATUS_BLOCK* io_status_block, |
michael@0 | 24 | ULONG file_attributes, |
michael@0 | 25 | ULONG share_access, |
michael@0 | 26 | ULONG create_disposition, |
michael@0 | 27 | ULONG create_options, |
michael@0 | 28 | PVOID ea_buffer, |
michael@0 | 29 | ULONG ea_lenght, |
michael@0 | 30 | HANDLE target_process) { |
michael@0 | 31 | NtCreateFileFunction NtCreateFile = NULL; |
michael@0 | 32 | ResolveNTFunctionPtr("NtCreateFile", &NtCreateFile); |
michael@0 | 33 | |
michael@0 | 34 | HANDLE local_handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE; |
michael@0 | 35 | NTSTATUS status = NtCreateFile(&local_handle, desired_access, obj_attributes, |
michael@0 | 36 | io_status_block, NULL, file_attributes, |
michael@0 | 37 | share_access, create_disposition, |
michael@0 | 38 | create_options, ea_buffer, ea_lenght); |
michael@0 | 39 | if (!NT_SUCCESS(status)) { |
michael@0 | 40 | return status; |
michael@0 | 41 | } |
michael@0 | 42 | |
michael@0 | 43 | if (!sandbox::SameObject(local_handle, obj_attributes->ObjectName->Buffer)) { |
michael@0 | 44 | // The handle points somewhere else. Fail the operation. |
michael@0 | 45 | ::CloseHandle(local_handle); |
michael@0 | 46 | return STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED; |
michael@0 | 47 | } |
michael@0 | 48 | |
michael@0 | 49 | if (!::DuplicateHandle(::GetCurrentProcess(), local_handle, |
michael@0 | 50 | target_process, target_file_handle, 0, FALSE, |
michael@0 | 51 | DUPLICATE_CLOSE_SOURCE | DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)) { |
michael@0 | 52 | return STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED; |
michael@0 | 53 | } |
michael@0 | 54 | return STATUS_SUCCESS; |
michael@0 | 55 | } |
michael@0 | 56 | |
michael@0 | 57 | } // namespace. |
michael@0 | 58 | |
michael@0 | 59 | namespace sandbox { |
michael@0 | 60 | |
michael@0 | 61 | bool FileSystemPolicy::GenerateRules(const wchar_t* name, |
michael@0 | 62 | TargetPolicy::Semantics semantics, |
michael@0 | 63 | LowLevelPolicy* policy) { |
michael@0 | 64 | std::wstring mod_name(name); |
michael@0 | 65 | if (mod_name.empty()) { |
michael@0 | 66 | return false; |
michael@0 | 67 | } |
michael@0 | 68 | |
michael@0 | 69 | // Don't do any pre-processing if the name starts like the the native |
michael@0 | 70 | // object manager style. |
michael@0 | 71 | if (0 != _wcsnicmp(mod_name.c_str(), kNTObjManPrefix, kNTObjManPrefixLen)) { |
michael@0 | 72 | // TODO(cpu) bug 32224: This prefix add is a hack because we don't have the |
michael@0 | 73 | // infrastructure to normalize names. In any case we need to escape the |
michael@0 | 74 | // question marks. |
michael@0 | 75 | if (!PreProcessName(mod_name, &mod_name)) { |
michael@0 | 76 | // The path to be added might contain a reparse point. |
michael@0 | 77 | NOTREACHED(); |
michael@0 | 78 | return false; |
michael@0 | 79 | } |
michael@0 | 80 | if (0 != mod_name.compare(0, kNTPrefixLen, kNTPrefix)) { |
michael@0 | 81 | // TODO(nsylvain): Find a better way to do name resolution. Right now we |
michael@0 | 82 | // take the name and we expand it. |
michael@0 | 83 | mod_name.insert(0, L"\\/?/?\\"); |
michael@0 | 84 | name = mod_name.c_str(); |
michael@0 | 85 | } |
michael@0 | 86 | } |
michael@0 | 87 | |
michael@0 | 88 | EvalResult result = ASK_BROKER; |
michael@0 | 89 | |
michael@0 | 90 | // List of supported calls for the filesystem. |
michael@0 | 91 | const unsigned kCallNtCreateFile = 0x1; |
michael@0 | 92 | const unsigned kCallNtOpenFile = 0x2; |
michael@0 | 93 | const unsigned kCallNtQueryAttributesFile = 0x4; |
michael@0 | 94 | const unsigned kCallNtQueryFullAttributesFile = 0x8; |
michael@0 | 95 | const unsigned kCallNtSetInfoRename = 0x10; |
michael@0 | 96 | |
michael@0 | 97 | DWORD rule_to_add = kCallNtOpenFile | kCallNtCreateFile | |
michael@0 | 98 | kCallNtQueryAttributesFile | |
michael@0 | 99 | kCallNtQueryFullAttributesFile | kCallNtSetInfoRename; |
michael@0 | 100 | |
michael@0 | 101 | PolicyRule create(result); |
michael@0 | 102 | PolicyRule open(result); |
michael@0 | 103 | PolicyRule query(result); |
michael@0 | 104 | PolicyRule query_full(result); |
michael@0 | 105 | PolicyRule rename(result); |
michael@0 | 106 | |
michael@0 | 107 | switch (semantics) { |
michael@0 | 108 | case TargetPolicy::FILES_ALLOW_DIR_ANY: { |
michael@0 | 109 | open.AddNumberMatch(IF, OpenFile::OPTIONS, FILE_DIRECTORY_FILE, AND); |
michael@0 | 110 | create.AddNumberMatch(IF, OpenFile::OPTIONS, FILE_DIRECTORY_FILE, AND); |
michael@0 | 111 | break; |
michael@0 | 112 | } |
michael@0 | 113 | case TargetPolicy::FILES_ALLOW_READONLY: { |
michael@0 | 114 | // We consider all flags that are not known to be readonly as potentially |
michael@0 | 115 | // used for write. |
michael@0 | 116 | DWORD allowed_flags = FILE_READ_DATA | FILE_READ_ATTRIBUTES | |
michael@0 | 117 | FILE_READ_EA | SYNCHRONIZE | FILE_EXECUTE | |
michael@0 | 118 | GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_EXECUTE | READ_CONTROL; |
michael@0 | 119 | DWORD restricted_flags = ~allowed_flags; |
michael@0 | 120 | open.AddNumberMatch(IF_NOT, OpenFile::ACCESS, restricted_flags, AND); |
michael@0 | 121 | create.AddNumberMatch(IF_NOT, OpenFile::ACCESS, restricted_flags, AND); |
michael@0 | 122 | |
michael@0 | 123 | // Read only access don't work for rename. |
michael@0 | 124 | rule_to_add &= ~kCallNtSetInfoRename; |
michael@0 | 125 | break; |
michael@0 | 126 | } |
michael@0 | 127 | case TargetPolicy::FILES_ALLOW_QUERY: { |
michael@0 | 128 | // Here we don't want to add policy for the open or the create. |
michael@0 | 129 | rule_to_add &= ~(kCallNtOpenFile | kCallNtCreateFile | |
michael@0 | 130 | kCallNtSetInfoRename); |
michael@0 | 131 | break; |
michael@0 | 132 | } |
michael@0 | 133 | case TargetPolicy::FILES_ALLOW_ANY: { |
michael@0 | 134 | break; |
michael@0 | 135 | } |
michael@0 | 136 | default: { |
michael@0 | 137 | NOTREACHED(); |
michael@0 | 138 | return false; |
michael@0 | 139 | } |
michael@0 | 140 | } |
michael@0 | 141 | |
michael@0 | 142 | if ((rule_to_add & kCallNtCreateFile) && |
michael@0 | 143 | (!create.AddStringMatch(IF, OpenFile::NAME, name, CASE_INSENSITIVE) || |
michael@0 | 144 | !policy->AddRule(IPC_NTCREATEFILE_TAG, &create))) { |
michael@0 | 145 | return false; |
michael@0 | 146 | } |
michael@0 | 147 | |
michael@0 | 148 | if ((rule_to_add & kCallNtOpenFile) && |
michael@0 | 149 | (!open.AddStringMatch(IF, OpenFile::NAME, name, CASE_INSENSITIVE) || |
michael@0 | 150 | !policy->AddRule(IPC_NTOPENFILE_TAG, &open))) { |
michael@0 | 151 | return false; |
michael@0 | 152 | } |
michael@0 | 153 | |
michael@0 | 154 | if ((rule_to_add & kCallNtQueryAttributesFile) && |
michael@0 | 155 | (!query.AddStringMatch(IF, FileName::NAME, name, CASE_INSENSITIVE) || |
michael@0 | 156 | !policy->AddRule(IPC_NTQUERYATTRIBUTESFILE_TAG, &query))) { |
michael@0 | 157 | return false; |
michael@0 | 158 | } |
michael@0 | 159 | |
michael@0 | 160 | if ((rule_to_add & kCallNtQueryFullAttributesFile) && |
michael@0 | 161 | (!query_full.AddStringMatch(IF, FileName::NAME, name, CASE_INSENSITIVE) |
michael@0 | 162 | || !policy->AddRule(IPC_NTQUERYFULLATTRIBUTESFILE_TAG, |
michael@0 | 163 | &query_full))) { |
michael@0 | 164 | return false; |
michael@0 | 165 | } |
michael@0 | 166 | |
michael@0 | 167 | if ((rule_to_add & kCallNtSetInfoRename) && |
michael@0 | 168 | (!rename.AddStringMatch(IF, FileName::NAME, name, CASE_INSENSITIVE) || |
michael@0 | 169 | !policy->AddRule(IPC_NTSETINFO_RENAME_TAG, &rename))) { |
michael@0 | 170 | return false; |
michael@0 | 171 | } |
michael@0 | 172 | |
michael@0 | 173 | return true; |
michael@0 | 174 | } |
michael@0 | 175 | |
michael@0 | 176 | // Right now we insert two rules, to be evaluated before any user supplied rule: |
michael@0 | 177 | // - go to the broker if the path doesn't look like the paths that we push on |
michael@0 | 178 | // the policy (namely \??\something). |
michael@0 | 179 | // - go to the broker if it looks like this is a short-name path. |
michael@0 | 180 | // |
michael@0 | 181 | // It is possible to add a rule to go to the broker in any case; it would look |
michael@0 | 182 | // something like: |
michael@0 | 183 | // rule = new PolicyRule(ASK_BROKER); |
michael@0 | 184 | // rule->AddNumberMatch(IF_NOT, FileName::BROKER, TRUE, AND); |
michael@0 | 185 | // policy->AddRule(service, rule); |
michael@0 | 186 | bool FileSystemPolicy::SetInitialRules(LowLevelPolicy* policy) { |
michael@0 | 187 | PolicyRule format(ASK_BROKER); |
michael@0 | 188 | PolicyRule short_name(ASK_BROKER); |
michael@0 | 189 | |
michael@0 | 190 | bool rv = format.AddNumberMatch(IF_NOT, FileName::BROKER, TRUE, AND); |
michael@0 | 191 | rv &= format.AddStringMatch(IF_NOT, FileName::NAME, L"\\/?/?\\*", |
michael@0 | 192 | CASE_SENSITIVE); |
michael@0 | 193 | |
michael@0 | 194 | rv &= short_name.AddNumberMatch(IF_NOT, FileName::BROKER, TRUE, AND); |
michael@0 | 195 | rv &= short_name.AddStringMatch(IF, FileName::NAME, L"*~*", CASE_SENSITIVE); |
michael@0 | 196 | |
michael@0 | 197 | if (!rv || !policy->AddRule(IPC_NTCREATEFILE_TAG, &format)) |
michael@0 | 198 | return false; |
michael@0 | 199 | |
michael@0 | 200 | if (!policy->AddRule(IPC_NTCREATEFILE_TAG, &short_name)) |
michael@0 | 201 | return false; |
michael@0 | 202 | |
michael@0 | 203 | if (!policy->AddRule(IPC_NTOPENFILE_TAG, &format)) |
michael@0 | 204 | return false; |
michael@0 | 205 | |
michael@0 | 206 | if (!policy->AddRule(IPC_NTOPENFILE_TAG, &short_name)) |
michael@0 | 207 | return false; |
michael@0 | 208 | |
michael@0 | 209 | if (!policy->AddRule(IPC_NTQUERYATTRIBUTESFILE_TAG, &format)) |
michael@0 | 210 | return false; |
michael@0 | 211 | |
michael@0 | 212 | if (!policy->AddRule(IPC_NTQUERYATTRIBUTESFILE_TAG, &short_name)) |
michael@0 | 213 | return false; |
michael@0 | 214 | |
michael@0 | 215 | if (!policy->AddRule(IPC_NTQUERYFULLATTRIBUTESFILE_TAG, &format)) |
michael@0 | 216 | return false; |
michael@0 | 217 | |
michael@0 | 218 | if (!policy->AddRule(IPC_NTQUERYFULLATTRIBUTESFILE_TAG, &short_name)) |
michael@0 | 219 | return false; |
michael@0 | 220 | |
michael@0 | 221 | if (!policy->AddRule(IPC_NTSETINFO_RENAME_TAG, &format)) |
michael@0 | 222 | return false; |
michael@0 | 223 | |
michael@0 | 224 | if (!policy->AddRule(IPC_NTSETINFO_RENAME_TAG, &short_name)) |
michael@0 | 225 | return false; |
michael@0 | 226 | |
michael@0 | 227 | return true; |
michael@0 | 228 | } |
michael@0 | 229 | |
michael@0 | 230 | bool FileSystemPolicy::CreateFileAction(EvalResult eval_result, |
michael@0 | 231 | const ClientInfo& client_info, |
michael@0 | 232 | const std::wstring &file, |
michael@0 | 233 | uint32 attributes, |
michael@0 | 234 | uint32 desired_access, |
michael@0 | 235 | uint32 file_attributes, |
michael@0 | 236 | uint32 share_access, |
michael@0 | 237 | uint32 create_disposition, |
michael@0 | 238 | uint32 create_options, |
michael@0 | 239 | HANDLE *handle, |
michael@0 | 240 | NTSTATUS* nt_status, |
michael@0 | 241 | ULONG_PTR *io_information) { |
michael@0 | 242 | // The only action supported is ASK_BROKER which means create the requested |
michael@0 | 243 | // file as specified. |
michael@0 | 244 | if (ASK_BROKER != eval_result) { |
michael@0 | 245 | *nt_status = STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED; |
michael@0 | 246 | return false; |
michael@0 | 247 | } |
michael@0 | 248 | IO_STATUS_BLOCK io_block = {0}; |
michael@0 | 249 | UNICODE_STRING uni_name = {0}; |
michael@0 | 250 | OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES obj_attributes = {0}; |
michael@0 | 251 | InitObjectAttribs(file, attributes, NULL, &obj_attributes, &uni_name); |
michael@0 | 252 | *nt_status = NtCreateFileInTarget(handle, desired_access, &obj_attributes, |
michael@0 | 253 | &io_block, file_attributes, share_access, |
michael@0 | 254 | create_disposition, create_options, NULL, |
michael@0 | 255 | 0, client_info.process); |
michael@0 | 256 | |
michael@0 | 257 | *io_information = io_block.Information; |
michael@0 | 258 | return true; |
michael@0 | 259 | } |
michael@0 | 260 | |
michael@0 | 261 | bool FileSystemPolicy::OpenFileAction(EvalResult eval_result, |
michael@0 | 262 | const ClientInfo& client_info, |
michael@0 | 263 | const std::wstring &file, |
michael@0 | 264 | uint32 attributes, |
michael@0 | 265 | uint32 desired_access, |
michael@0 | 266 | uint32 share_access, |
michael@0 | 267 | uint32 open_options, |
michael@0 | 268 | HANDLE *handle, |
michael@0 | 269 | NTSTATUS* nt_status, |
michael@0 | 270 | ULONG_PTR *io_information) { |
michael@0 | 271 | // The only action supported is ASK_BROKER which means open the requested |
michael@0 | 272 | // file as specified. |
michael@0 | 273 | if (ASK_BROKER != eval_result) { |
michael@0 | 274 | *nt_status = STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED; |
michael@0 | 275 | return true; |
michael@0 | 276 | } |
michael@0 | 277 | // An NtOpen is equivalent to an NtCreate with FileAttributes = 0 and |
michael@0 | 278 | // CreateDisposition = FILE_OPEN. |
michael@0 | 279 | IO_STATUS_BLOCK io_block = {0}; |
michael@0 | 280 | UNICODE_STRING uni_name = {0}; |
michael@0 | 281 | OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES obj_attributes = {0}; |
michael@0 | 282 | InitObjectAttribs(file, attributes, NULL, &obj_attributes, &uni_name); |
michael@0 | 283 | *nt_status = NtCreateFileInTarget(handle, desired_access, &obj_attributes, |
michael@0 | 284 | &io_block, 0, share_access, FILE_OPEN, |
michael@0 | 285 | open_options, NULL, 0, |
michael@0 | 286 | client_info.process); |
michael@0 | 287 | |
michael@0 | 288 | *io_information = io_block.Information; |
michael@0 | 289 | return true; |
michael@0 | 290 | } |
michael@0 | 291 | |
michael@0 | 292 | bool FileSystemPolicy::QueryAttributesFileAction( |
michael@0 | 293 | EvalResult eval_result, |
michael@0 | 294 | const ClientInfo& client_info, |
michael@0 | 295 | const std::wstring &file, |
michael@0 | 296 | uint32 attributes, |
michael@0 | 297 | FILE_BASIC_INFORMATION* file_info, |
michael@0 | 298 | NTSTATUS* nt_status) { |
michael@0 | 299 | // The only action supported is ASK_BROKER which means query the requested |
michael@0 | 300 | // file as specified. |
michael@0 | 301 | if (ASK_BROKER != eval_result) { |
michael@0 | 302 | *nt_status = STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED; |
michael@0 | 303 | return true; |
michael@0 | 304 | } |
michael@0 | 305 | |
michael@0 | 306 | NtQueryAttributesFileFunction NtQueryAttributesFile = NULL; |
michael@0 | 307 | ResolveNTFunctionPtr("NtQueryAttributesFile", &NtQueryAttributesFile); |
michael@0 | 308 | |
michael@0 | 309 | UNICODE_STRING uni_name = {0}; |
michael@0 | 310 | OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES obj_attributes = {0}; |
michael@0 | 311 | InitObjectAttribs(file, attributes, NULL, &obj_attributes, &uni_name); |
michael@0 | 312 | *nt_status = NtQueryAttributesFile(&obj_attributes, file_info); |
michael@0 | 313 | |
michael@0 | 314 | return true; |
michael@0 | 315 | } |
michael@0 | 316 | |
michael@0 | 317 | bool FileSystemPolicy::QueryFullAttributesFileAction( |
michael@0 | 318 | EvalResult eval_result, |
michael@0 | 319 | const ClientInfo& client_info, |
michael@0 | 320 | const std::wstring &file, |
michael@0 | 321 | uint32 attributes, |
michael@0 | 322 | FILE_NETWORK_OPEN_INFORMATION* file_info, |
michael@0 | 323 | NTSTATUS* nt_status) { |
michael@0 | 324 | // The only action supported is ASK_BROKER which means query the requested |
michael@0 | 325 | // file as specified. |
michael@0 | 326 | if (ASK_BROKER != eval_result) { |
michael@0 | 327 | *nt_status = STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED; |
michael@0 | 328 | return true; |
michael@0 | 329 | } |
michael@0 | 330 | |
michael@0 | 331 | NtQueryFullAttributesFileFunction NtQueryFullAttributesFile = NULL; |
michael@0 | 332 | ResolveNTFunctionPtr("NtQueryFullAttributesFile", &NtQueryFullAttributesFile); |
michael@0 | 333 | |
michael@0 | 334 | UNICODE_STRING uni_name = {0}; |
michael@0 | 335 | OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES obj_attributes = {0}; |
michael@0 | 336 | InitObjectAttribs(file, attributes, NULL, &obj_attributes, &uni_name); |
michael@0 | 337 | *nt_status = NtQueryFullAttributesFile(&obj_attributes, file_info); |
michael@0 | 338 | |
michael@0 | 339 | return true; |
michael@0 | 340 | } |
michael@0 | 341 | |
michael@0 | 342 | bool FileSystemPolicy::SetInformationFileAction( |
michael@0 | 343 | EvalResult eval_result, const ClientInfo& client_info, |
michael@0 | 344 | HANDLE target_file_handle, void* file_info, uint32 length, |
michael@0 | 345 | uint32 info_class, IO_STATUS_BLOCK* io_block, |
michael@0 | 346 | NTSTATUS* nt_status) { |
michael@0 | 347 | // The only action supported is ASK_BROKER which means open the requested |
michael@0 | 348 | // file as specified. |
michael@0 | 349 | if (ASK_BROKER != eval_result) { |
michael@0 | 350 | *nt_status = STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED; |
michael@0 | 351 | return true; |
michael@0 | 352 | } |
michael@0 | 353 | |
michael@0 | 354 | NtSetInformationFileFunction NtSetInformationFile = NULL; |
michael@0 | 355 | ResolveNTFunctionPtr("NtSetInformationFile", &NtSetInformationFile); |
michael@0 | 356 | |
michael@0 | 357 | HANDLE local_handle = NULL; |
michael@0 | 358 | if (!::DuplicateHandle(client_info.process, target_file_handle, |
michael@0 | 359 | ::GetCurrentProcess(), &local_handle, 0, FALSE, |
michael@0 | 360 | DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)) { |
michael@0 | 361 | *nt_status = STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED; |
michael@0 | 362 | return true; |
michael@0 | 363 | } |
michael@0 | 364 | |
michael@0 | 365 | base::win::ScopedHandle handle(local_handle); |
michael@0 | 366 | |
michael@0 | 367 | FILE_INFORMATION_CLASS file_info_class = |
michael@0 | 368 | static_cast<FILE_INFORMATION_CLASS>(info_class); |
michael@0 | 369 | *nt_status = NtSetInformationFile(local_handle, io_block, file_info, length, |
michael@0 | 370 | file_info_class); |
michael@0 | 371 | |
michael@0 | 372 | return true; |
michael@0 | 373 | } |
michael@0 | 374 | |
michael@0 | 375 | bool PreProcessName(const std::wstring& path, std::wstring* new_path) { |
michael@0 | 376 | ConvertToLongPath(path, new_path); |
michael@0 | 377 | |
michael@0 | 378 | bool reparsed = false; |
michael@0 | 379 | if (ERROR_SUCCESS != IsReparsePoint(*new_path, &reparsed)) |
michael@0 | 380 | return false; |
michael@0 | 381 | |
michael@0 | 382 | // We can't process reparsed file. |
michael@0 | 383 | return !reparsed; |
michael@0 | 384 | } |
michael@0 | 385 | |
michael@0 | 386 | } // namespace sandbox |