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 // Copyright 2007, Google Inc.

 // All rights reserved.

 //

 // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

 // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are

 // met:

 //

 //     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright

 // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

 //     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above

 // copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer

 // in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the

 // distribution.

 //     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its

 // contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from

 // this software without specific prior written permission.

 //

 // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS

 // "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT

 // LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR

 // A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT

 // OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,

 // SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT

 // LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,

 // DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY

 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT

 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE

 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

 //

 // Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)

 // Google Test - The Google C++ Testing Framework

 //

 // This file tests the universal value printer.

 #include "gtest/gtest-printers.h"

 #include <ctype.h>

 #include <limits.h>

 #include <string.h>

 #include <algorithm>

 #include <deque>

 #include <list>

 #include <map>

 #include <set>

 #include <sstream>

 #include <string>

 #include <utility>

 #include <vector>

 #include "gtest/gtest.h"

 // hash_map and hash_set are available under Visual C++.

 #if _MSC_VER

 # define GTEST_HAS_HASH_MAP_ 1  // Indicates that hash_map is available.

 # include <hash_map>            // NOLINT

 # define GTEST_HAS_HASH_SET_ 1  // Indicates that hash_set is available.

 # include <hash_set>            // NOLINT

 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

 // Some user-defined types for testing the universal value printer.

 // An anonymous enum type.

 enum AnonymousEnum {

   kAE1 = -1,

   kAE2 = 1

 };

 // An enum without a user-defined printer.

 enum EnumWithoutPrinter {

   kEWP1 = -2,

   kEWP2 = 42

 };

 // An enum with a << operator.

 enum EnumWithStreaming {

   kEWS1 = 10

 };

 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, EnumWithStreaming e) {

   return os << (e == kEWS1 ? "kEWS1" : "invalid");

 }

 // An enum with a PrintTo() function.

 enum EnumWithPrintTo {

   kEWPT1 = 1

 };

 void PrintTo(EnumWithPrintTo e, std::ostream* os) {

   *os << (e == kEWPT1 ? "kEWPT1" : "invalid");

 }

 // A class implicitly convertible to BiggestInt.

 class BiggestIntConvertible {

  public:

   operator ::testing::internal::BiggestInt() const { return 42; }

 };

 // A user-defined unprintable class template in the global namespace.

 template <typename T>

 class UnprintableTemplateInGlobal {

  public:

   UnprintableTemplateInGlobal() : value_() {}

  private:

   T value_;

 };

 // A user-defined streamable type in the global namespace.

 class StreamableInGlobal {

  public:

   virtual ~StreamableInGlobal() {}

 };

 inline void operator<<(::std::ostream& os, const StreamableInGlobal& /* x */) {

   os << "StreamableInGlobal";

 }

 void operator<<(::std::ostream& os, const StreamableInGlobal* /* x */) {

   os << "StreamableInGlobal*";

 }

 namespace foo {

 // A user-defined unprintable type in a user namespace.

 class UnprintableInFoo {

  public:

   UnprintableInFoo() : z_(0) { memcpy(xy_, "\xEF\x12\x0\x0\x34\xAB\x0\x0", 8); }

  private:

   char xy_[8];

   double z_;

 };

 // A user-defined printable type in a user-chosen namespace.

 struct PrintableViaPrintTo {

   PrintableViaPrintTo() : value() {}

   int value;

 };

 void PrintTo(const PrintableViaPrintTo& x, ::std::ostream* os) {

   *os << "PrintableViaPrintTo: " << x.value;

 }

 // A type with a user-defined << for printing its pointer.

 struct PointerPrintable {

 };

 ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os,

                            const PointerPrintable* /* x */) {

   return os << "PointerPrintable*";

 }

 // A user-defined printable class template in a user-chosen namespace.

 template <typename T>

 class PrintableViaPrintToTemplate {

  public:

   explicit PrintableViaPrintToTemplate(const T& a_value) : value_(a_value) {}

   const T& value() const { return value_; }

  private:

   T value_;

 };

 template <typename T>

 void PrintTo(const PrintableViaPrintToTemplate<T>& x, ::std::ostream* os) {

   *os << "PrintableViaPrintToTemplate: " << x.value();

 }

 // A user-defined streamable class template in a user namespace.

 template <typename T>

 class StreamableTemplateInFoo {

  public:

   StreamableTemplateInFoo() : value_() {}

   const T& value() const { return value_; }

  private:

   T value_;

 };

 template <typename T>

 inline ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os,

                                   const StreamableTemplateInFoo<T>& x) {

   return os << "StreamableTemplateInFoo: " << x.value();

 }

 }  // namespace foo

 namespace testing {

 namespace gtest_printers_test {

 using ::std::deque;

 using ::std::list;

 using ::std::make_pair;

 using ::std::map;

 using ::std::multimap;

 using ::std::multiset;

 using ::std::pair;

 using ::std::set;

 using ::std::vector;

 using ::testing::PrintToString;

 using ::testing::internal::FormatForComparisonFailureMessage;

 using ::testing::internal::ImplicitCast_;

 using ::testing::internal::NativeArray;

 using ::testing::internal::RE;

 using ::testing::internal::Strings;

 using ::testing::internal::UniversalPrint;

 using ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter;

 using ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrint;

 using ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings;

 using ::testing::internal::kReference;

 using ::testing::internal::string;

 #if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE

 using ::std::tr1::make_tuple;

 using ::std::tr1::tuple;

 #endif

 #if _MSC_VER

 // MSVC defines the following classes in the ::stdext namespace while

 // gcc defines them in the :: namespace.  Note that they are not part

 // of the C++ standard.

 using ::stdext::hash_map;

 using ::stdext::hash_set;

 using ::stdext::hash_multimap;

 using ::stdext::hash_multiset;

 #endif

 // Prints a value to a string using the universal value printer.  This

 // is a helper for testing UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() for various types.

 template <typename T>

 string Print(const T& value) {

   ::std::stringstream ss;

   UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, &ss);

   return ss.str();

 }

 // Prints a value passed by reference to a string, using the universal

 // value printer.  This is a helper for testing

 // UniversalPrinter<T&>::Print() for various types.

 template <typename T>

 string PrintByRef(const T& value) {

   ::std::stringstream ss;

   UniversalPrinter<T&>::Print(value, &ss);

   return ss.str();

 }

 // Tests printing various enum types.

 TEST(PrintEnumTest, AnonymousEnum) {

   EXPECT_EQ("-1", Print(kAE1));

   EXPECT_EQ("1", Print(kAE2));

 }

 TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithoutPrinter) {

   EXPECT_EQ("-2", Print(kEWP1));

   EXPECT_EQ("42", Print(kEWP2));

 }

 TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithStreaming) {

   EXPECT_EQ("kEWS1", Print(kEWS1));

   EXPECT_EQ("invalid", Print(static_cast<EnumWithStreaming>(0)));

 }

 TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithPrintTo) {

   EXPECT_EQ("kEWPT1", Print(kEWPT1));

   EXPECT_EQ("invalid", Print(static_cast<EnumWithPrintTo>(0)));

 }

 // Tests printing a class implicitly convertible to BiggestInt.

 TEST(PrintClassTest, BiggestIntConvertible) {

   EXPECT_EQ("42", Print(BiggestIntConvertible()));

 }

 // Tests printing various char types.

 // char.

 TEST(PrintCharTest, PlainChar) {

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print('\0'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\'' (39, 0x27)", Print('\''));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\"' (34, 0x22)", Print('"'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'?' (63, 0x3F)", Print('?'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\\\' (92, 0x5C)", Print('\\'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\a' (7)", Print('\a'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\b' (8)", Print('\b'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\f' (12, 0xC)", Print('\f'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\n' (10, 0xA)", Print('\n'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\r' (13, 0xD)", Print('\r'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\t' (9)", Print('\t'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\v' (11, 0xB)", Print('\v'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\x7F' (127)", Print('\x7F'));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\xFF' (255)", Print('\xFF'));

   EXPECT_EQ("' ' (32, 0x20)", Print(' '));

   EXPECT_EQ("'a' (97, 0x61)", Print('a'));

 }

 // signed char.

 TEST(PrintCharTest, SignedChar) {

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print(static_cast<signed char>('\0')));

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\xCE' (-50)",

             Print(static_cast<signed char>(-50)));

 }

 // unsigned char.

 TEST(PrintCharTest, UnsignedChar) {

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print(static_cast<unsigned char>('\0')));

   EXPECT_EQ("'b' (98, 0x62)",

             Print(static_cast<unsigned char>('b')));

 }

 // Tests printing other simple, built-in types.

 // bool.

 TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Bool) {

   EXPECT_EQ("false", Print(false));

   EXPECT_EQ("true", Print(true));

 }

 // wchar_t.

 TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Wchar_t) {

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\0'", Print(L'\0'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\'' (39, 0x27)", Print(L'\''));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\"' (34, 0x22)", Print(L'"'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'?' (63, 0x3F)", Print(L'?'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\\\' (92, 0x5C)", Print(L'\\'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\a' (7)", Print(L'\a'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\b' (8)", Print(L'\b'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\f' (12, 0xC)", Print(L'\f'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\n' (10, 0xA)", Print(L'\n'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\r' (13, 0xD)", Print(L'\r'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\t' (9)", Print(L'\t'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\v' (11, 0xB)", Print(L'\v'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\x7F' (127)", Print(L'\x7F'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\xFF' (255)", Print(L'\xFF'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L' ' (32, 0x20)", Print(L' '));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'a' (97, 0x61)", Print(L'a'));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\x576' (1398)", Print(static_cast<wchar_t>(0x576)));

   EXPECT_EQ("L'\\xC74D' (51021)", Print(static_cast<wchar_t>(0xC74D)));

 }

 // Test that Int64 provides more storage than wchar_t.

 TEST(PrintTypeSizeTest, Wchar_t) {

   EXPECT_LT(sizeof(wchar_t), sizeof(testing::internal::Int64));

 }

 // Various integer types.

 TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Integer) {

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\xFF' (255)", Print(static_cast<unsigned char>(255)));  // uint8

   EXPECT_EQ("'\\x80' (-128)", Print(static_cast<signed char>(-128)));  // int8

   EXPECT_EQ("65535", Print(USHRT_MAX));  // uint16

   EXPECT_EQ("-32768", Print(SHRT_MIN));  // int16

   EXPECT_EQ("4294967295", Print(UINT_MAX));  // uint32

   EXPECT_EQ("-2147483648", Print(INT_MIN));  // int32

   EXPECT_EQ("18446744073709551615",

             Print(static_cast<testing::internal::UInt64>(-1)));  // uint64

   EXPECT_EQ("-9223372036854775808",

             Print(static_cast<testing::internal::Int64>(1) << 63));  // int64

 }

 // Size types.

 TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Size_t) {

   EXPECT_EQ("1", Print(sizeof('a')));  // size_t.

 #if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

   // Windows has no ssize_t type.

   EXPECT_EQ("-2", Print(static_cast<ssize_t>(-2)));  // ssize_t.

 #endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

 }

 // Floating-points.

 TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, FloatingPoints) {

   EXPECT_EQ("1.5", Print(1.5f));   // float

   EXPECT_EQ("-2.5", Print(-2.5));  // double

 }

 // Since ::std::stringstream::operator<<(const void *) formats the pointer

 // output differently with different compilers, we have to create the expected

 // output first and use it as our expectation.

 static string PrintPointer(const void *p) {

   ::std::stringstream expected_result_stream;

   expected_result_stream << p;

   return expected_result_stream.str();

 }

 // Tests printing C strings.

 // const char*.

 TEST(PrintCStringTest, Const) {

   const char* p = "World";

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"World\"", Print(p));

 }

 // char*.

 TEST(PrintCStringTest, NonConst) {

   char p[] = "Hi";

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"Hi\"",

             Print(static_cast<char*>(p)));

 }

 // NULL C string.

 TEST(PrintCStringTest, Null) {

   const char* p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));

 }

 // Tests that C strings are escaped properly.

 TEST(PrintCStringTest, EscapesProperly) {

   const char* p = "'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f"

             "\\n\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\"",

             Print(p));

 }

 // MSVC compiler can be configured to define whar_t as a typedef

 // of unsigned short. Defining an overload for const wchar_t* in that case

 // would cause pointers to unsigned shorts be printed as wide strings,

 // possibly accessing more memory than intended and causing invalid

 // memory accesses. MSVC defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED symbol when

 // wchar_t is implemented as a native type.

 #if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)

 // const wchar_t*.

 TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, Const) {

   const wchar_t* p = L"World";

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to L\"World\"", Print(p));

 }

 // wchar_t*.

 TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, NonConst) {

   wchar_t p[] = L"Hi";

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to L\"Hi\"",

             Print(static_cast<wchar_t*>(p)));

 }

 // NULL wide C string.

 TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, Null) {

   const wchar_t* p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));

 }

 // Tests that wide C strings are escaped properly.

 TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, EscapesProperly) {

   const wchar_t s[] = {'\'', '"', '?', '\\', '\a', '\b', '\f', '\n', '\r',

                        '\t', '\v', 0xD3, 0x576, 0x8D3, 0xC74D, ' ', 'a', '\0'};

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s) + " pointing to L\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f"

             "\\n\\r\\t\\v\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\"",

             Print(static_cast<const wchar_t*>(s)));

 }

 #endif  // native wchar_t

 // Tests printing pointers to other char types.

 // signed char*.

 TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, SignedChar) {

   signed char* p = reinterpret_cast<signed char*>(0x1234);

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));

   p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));

 }

 // const signed char*.

 TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstSignedChar) {

   signed char* p = reinterpret_cast<signed char*>(0x1234);

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));

   p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));

 }

 // unsigned char*.

 TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, UnsignedChar) {

   unsigned char* p = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(0x1234);

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));

   p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));

 }

 // const unsigned char*.

 TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstUnsignedChar) {

   const unsigned char* p = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(0x1234);

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));

   p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));

 }

 // Tests printing pointers to simple, built-in types.

 // bool*.

 TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, Bool) {

   bool* p = reinterpret_cast<bool*>(0xABCD);

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));

   p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));

 }

 // void*.

 TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, Void) {

   void* p = reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xABCD);

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));

   p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));

 }

 // const void*.

 TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, ConstVoid) {

   const void* p = reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0xABCD);

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));

   p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));

 }

 // Tests printing pointers to pointers.

 TEST(PrintPointerToPointerTest, IntPointerPointer) {

   int** p = reinterpret_cast<int**>(0xABCD);

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));

   p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));

 }

 // Tests printing (non-member) function pointers.

 void MyFunction(int /* n */) {}

 TEST(PrintPointerTest, NonMemberFunctionPointer) {

   // We cannot directly cast &MyFunction to const void* because the

   // standard disallows casting between pointers to functions and

   // pointers to objects, and some compilers (e.g. GCC 3.4) enforce

   // this limitation.

   EXPECT_EQ(

       PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(

           reinterpret_cast<internal::BiggestInt>(&MyFunction))),

       Print(&MyFunction));

   int (*p)(bool) = NULL;  // NOLINT

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));

 }

 // An assertion predicate determining whether a one string is a prefix for

 // another.

 template <typename StringType>

 AssertionResult HasPrefix(const StringType& str, const StringType& prefix) {

   if (str.find(prefix, 0) == 0)

     return AssertionSuccess();

   const bool is_wide_string = sizeof(prefix[0]) > 1;

   const char* const begin_string_quote = is_wide_string ? "L\"" : "\"";

   return AssertionFailure()

       << begin_string_quote << prefix << "\" is not a prefix of "

       << begin_string_quote << str << "\"\n";

 }

 // Tests printing member variable pointers.  Although they are called

 // pointers, they don't point to a location in the address space.

 // Their representation is implementation-defined.  Thus they will be

 // printed as raw bytes.

 struct Foo {

  public:

   virtual ~Foo() {}

   int MyMethod(char x) { return x + 1; }

   virtual char MyVirtualMethod(int /* n */) { return 'a'; }

   int value;

 };

 TEST(PrintPointerTest, MemberVariablePointer) {

   EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::value),

                         Print(sizeof(&Foo::value)) + "-byte object "));

   int (Foo::*p) = NULL;  // NOLINT

   EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(p),

                         Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));

 }

 // Tests printing member function pointers.  Although they are called

 // pointers, they don't point to a location in the address space.

 // Their representation is implementation-defined.  Thus they will be

 // printed as raw bytes.

 TEST(PrintPointerTest, MemberFunctionPointer) {

   EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::MyMethod),

                         Print(sizeof(&Foo::MyMethod)) + "-byte object "));

   EXPECT_TRUE(

       HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::MyVirtualMethod),

                 Print(sizeof((&Foo::MyVirtualMethod))) + "-byte object "));

   int (Foo::*p)(char) = NULL;  // NOLINT

   EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(p),

                         Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));

 }

 // Tests printing C arrays.

 // The difference between this and Print() is that it ensures that the

 // argument is a reference to an array.

 template <typename T, size_t N>

 string PrintArrayHelper(T (&a)[N]) {

   return Print(a);

 }

 // One-dimensional array.

 TEST(PrintArrayTest, OneDimensionalArray) {

   int a[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

   EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }", PrintArrayHelper(a));

 }

 // Two-dimensional array.

 TEST(PrintArrayTest, TwoDimensionalArray) {

   int a[2][5] = {

     { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 },

     { 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 }

   };

   EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, { 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 } }", PrintArrayHelper(a));

 }

 // Array of const elements.

 TEST(PrintArrayTest, ConstArray) {

   const bool a[1] = { false };

   EXPECT_EQ("{ false }", PrintArrayHelper(a));

 }

 // char array without terminating NUL.

 TEST(PrintArrayTest, CharArrayWithNoTerminatingNul) {

   // Array a contains '\0' in the middle and doesn't end with '\0'.

   char a[] = { 'H', '\0', 'i' };

   EXPECT_EQ("\"H\\0i\" (no terminating NUL)", PrintArrayHelper(a));

 }

 // const char array with terminating NUL.

 TEST(PrintArrayTest, ConstCharArrayWithTerminatingNul) {

   const char a[] = "\0Hi";

   EXPECT_EQ("\"\\0Hi\"", PrintArrayHelper(a));

 }

 // const wchar_t array without terminating NUL.

 TEST(PrintArrayTest, WCharArrayWithNoTerminatingNul) {

   // Array a contains '\0' in the middle and doesn't end with '\0'.

   const wchar_t a[] = { L'H', L'\0', L'i' };

   EXPECT_EQ("L\"H\\0i\" (no terminating NUL)", PrintArrayHelper(a));

 }

 // wchar_t array with terminating NUL.

 TEST(PrintArrayTest, WConstCharArrayWithTerminatingNul) {

   const wchar_t a[] = L"\0Hi";

   EXPECT_EQ("L\"\\0Hi\"", PrintArrayHelper(a));

 }

 // Array of objects.

 TEST(PrintArrayTest, ObjectArray) {

   string a[3] = { "Hi", "Hello", "Ni hao" };

   EXPECT_EQ("{ \"Hi\", \"Hello\", \"Ni hao\" }", PrintArrayHelper(a));

 }

 // Array with many elements.

 TEST(PrintArrayTest, BigArray) {

   int a[100] = { 1, 2, 3 };

   EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }",

             PrintArrayHelper(a));

 }

 // Tests printing ::string and ::std::string.

 #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING

 // ::string.

 TEST(PrintStringTest, StringInGlobalNamespace) {

   const char s[] = "'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";

   const ::string str(s, sizeof(s));

   EXPECT_EQ("\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\\0\"",

             Print(str));

 }

 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING

 // ::std::string.

 TEST(PrintStringTest, StringInStdNamespace) {

   const char s[] = "'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";

   const ::std::string str(s, sizeof(s));

   EXPECT_EQ("\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\\0\"",

             Print(str));

 }

 TEST(PrintStringTest, StringAmbiguousHex) {

   // "\x6BANANA" is ambiguous, it can be interpreted as starting with either of:

   // '\x6', '\x6B', or '\x6BA'.

   // a hex escaping sequence following by a decimal digit

   EXPECT_EQ("\"0\\x12\" \"3\"", Print(::std::string("0\x12" "3")));

   // a hex escaping sequence following by a hex digit (lower-case)

   EXPECT_EQ("\"mm\\x6\" \"bananas\"", Print(::std::string("mm\x6" "bananas")));

   // a hex escaping sequence following by a hex digit (upper-case)

   EXPECT_EQ("\"NOM\\x6\" \"BANANA\"", Print(::std::string("NOM\x6" "BANANA")));

   // a hex escaping sequence following by a non-xdigit

   EXPECT_EQ("\"!\\x5-!\"", Print(::std::string("!\x5-!")));

 }

 // Tests printing ::wstring and ::std::wstring.

 #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING

 // ::wstring.

 TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringInGlobalNamespace) {

   const wchar_t s[] = L"'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D a";

   const ::wstring str(s, sizeof(s)/sizeof(wchar_t));

   EXPECT_EQ("L\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v"

             "\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\\0\"",

             Print(str));

 }

 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING

 #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING

 // ::std::wstring.

 TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringInStdNamespace) {

   const wchar_t s[] = L"'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D a";

   const ::std::wstring str(s, sizeof(s)/sizeof(wchar_t));

   EXPECT_EQ("L\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v"

             "\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\\0\"",

             Print(str));

 }

 TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringAmbiguousHex) {

   // same for wide strings.

   EXPECT_EQ("L\"0\\x12\" L\"3\"", Print(::std::wstring(L"0\x12" L"3")));

   EXPECT_EQ("L\"mm\\x6\" L\"bananas\"",

             Print(::std::wstring(L"mm\x6" L"bananas")));

   EXPECT_EQ("L\"NOM\\x6\" L\"BANANA\"",

             Print(::std::wstring(L"NOM\x6" L"BANANA")));

   EXPECT_EQ("L\"!\\x5-!\"", Print(::std::wstring(L"!\x5-!")));

 }

 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING

 // Tests printing types that support generic streaming (i.e. streaming

 // to std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits> for any valid Char and

 // CharTraits types).

 // Tests printing a non-template type that supports generic streaming.

 class AllowsGenericStreaming {};

 template <typename Char, typename CharTraits>

 std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(

     std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,

     const AllowsGenericStreaming& /* a */) {

   return os << "AllowsGenericStreaming";

 }

 TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, NonTemplateType) {

   AllowsGenericStreaming a;

   EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreaming", Print(a));

 }

 // Tests printing a template type that supports generic streaming.

 template <typename T>

 class AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate {};

 template <typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T>

 std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(

     std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,

     const AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate<T>& /* a */) {

   return os << "AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate";

 }

 TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, TemplateType) {

   AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate<int> a;

   EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate", Print(a));

 }

 // Tests printing a type that supports generic streaming and can be

 // implicitly converted to another printable type.

 template <typename T>

 class AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate {

  public:

   operator bool() const { return false; }

 };

 template <typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T>

 std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(

     std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,

     const AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate<T>& /* a */) {

   return os << "AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate";

 }

 TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, TypeImplicitlyConvertible) {

   AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate<int> a;

   EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate", Print(a));

 }

 #if GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_

 // Tests printing StringPiece.

 TEST(PrintStringPieceTest, SimpleStringPiece) {

   const StringPiece sp = "Hello";

   EXPECT_EQ("\"Hello\"", Print(sp));

 }

 TEST(PrintStringPieceTest, UnprintableCharacters) {

   const char str[] = "NUL (\0) and \r\t";

   const StringPiece sp(str, sizeof(str) - 1);

   EXPECT_EQ("\"NUL (\\0) and \\r\\t\"", Print(sp));

 }

 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_

 // Tests printing STL containers.

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, EmptyDeque) {

   deque<char> empty;

   EXPECT_EQ("{}", Print(empty));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, NonEmptyDeque) {

   deque<int> non_empty;

   non_empty.push_back(1);

   non_empty.push_back(3);

   EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 3 }", Print(non_empty));

 }

 #if GTEST_HAS_HASH_MAP_

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, OneElementHashMap) {

   hash_map<int, char> map1;

   map1[1] = 'a';

   EXPECT_EQ("{ (1, 'a' (97, 0x61)) }", Print(map1));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashMultiMap) {

   hash_multimap<int, bool> map1;

   map1.insert(make_pair(5, true));

   map1.insert(make_pair(5, false));

   // Elements of hash_multimap can be printed in any order.

   const string result = Print(map1);

   EXPECT_TRUE(result == "{ (5, true), (5, false) }" ||

               result == "{ (5, false), (5, true) }")

                   << " where Print(map1) returns \"" << result << "\".";

 }

 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_HASH_MAP_

 #if GTEST_HAS_HASH_SET_

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashSet) {

   hash_set<string> set1;

   set1.insert("hello");

   EXPECT_EQ("{ \"hello\" }", Print(set1));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashMultiSet) {

   const int kSize = 5;

   int a[kSize] = { 1, 1, 2, 5, 1 };

   hash_multiset<int> set1(a, a + kSize);

   // Elements of hash_multiset can be printed in any order.

   const string result = Print(set1);

   const string expected_pattern = "{ d, d, d, d, d }";  // d means a digit.

   // Verifies the result matches the expected pattern; also extracts

   // the numbers in the result.

   ASSERT_EQ(expected_pattern.length(), result.length());

   std::vector<int> numbers;

   for (size_t i = 0; i != result.length(); i++) {

     if (expected_pattern[i] == 'd') {

       ASSERT_NE(isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(result[i])), 0);

       numbers.push_back(result[i] - '0');

     } else {

       EXPECT_EQ(expected_pattern[i], result[i]) << " where result is "

                                                 << result;

     }

   }

   // Makes sure the result contains the right numbers.

   std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());

   std::sort(a, a + kSize);

   EXPECT_TRUE(std::equal(a, a + kSize, numbers.begin()));

 }

 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_HASH_SET_

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, List) {

   const string a[] = {

     "hello",

     "world"

   };

   const list<string> strings(a, a + 2);

   EXPECT_EQ("{ \"hello\", \"world\" }", Print(strings));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Map) {

   map<int, bool> map1;

   map1[1] = true;

   map1[5] = false;

   map1[3] = true;

   EXPECT_EQ("{ (1, true), (3, true), (5, false) }", Print(map1));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, MultiMap) {

   multimap<bool, int> map1;

   // The make_pair template function would deduce the type as

   // pair<bool, int> here, and since the key part in a multimap has to

   // be constant, without a templated ctor in the pair class (as in

   // libCstd on Solaris), make_pair call would fail to compile as no

   // implicit conversion is found.  Thus explicit typename is used

   // here instead.

   map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(true, 0));

   map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(true, 1));

   map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(false, 2));

   EXPECT_EQ("{ (false, 2), (true, 0), (true, 1) }", Print(map1));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Set) {

   const unsigned int a[] = { 3, 0, 5 };

   set<unsigned int> set1(a, a + 3);

   EXPECT_EQ("{ 0, 3, 5 }", Print(set1));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, MultiSet) {

   const int a[] = { 1, 1, 2, 5, 1 };

   multiset<int> set1(a, a + 5);

   EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 1, 1, 2, 5 }", Print(set1));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Pair) {

   pair<const bool, int> p(true, 5);

   EXPECT_EQ("(true, 5)", Print(p));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Vector) {

   vector<int> v;

   v.push_back(1);

   v.push_back(2);

   EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2 }", Print(v));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, LongSequence) {

   const int a[100] = { 1, 2, 3 };

   const vector<int> v(a, a + 100);

   EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, "

             "0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ... }", Print(v));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, NestedContainer) {

   const int a1[] = { 1, 2 };

   const int a2[] = { 3, 4, 5 };

   const list<int> l1(a1, a1 + 2);

   const list<int> l2(a2, a2 + 3);

   vector<list<int> > v;

   v.push_back(l1);

   v.push_back(l2);

   EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } }", Print(v));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, OneDimensionalNativeArray) {

   const int a[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };

   NativeArray<int> b(a, 3, kReference);

   EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3 }", Print(b));

 }

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, TwoDimensionalNativeArray) {

   const int a[2][3] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };

   NativeArray<int[3]> b(a, 2, kReference);

   EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } }", Print(b));

 }

 // Tests that a class named iterator isn't treated as a container.

 struct iterator {

   char x;

 };

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Iterator) {

   iterator it = {};

   EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>", Print(it));

 }

 // Tests that a class named const_iterator isn't treated as a container.

 struct const_iterator {

   char x;

 };

 TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, ConstIterator) {

   const_iterator it = {};

   EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>", Print(it));

 }

 #if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE

 // Tests printing tuples.

 // Tuples of various arities.

 TEST(PrintTupleTest, VariousSizes) {

   tuple<> t0;

   EXPECT_EQ("()", Print(t0));

   tuple<int> t1(5);

   EXPECT_EQ("(5)", Print(t1));

   tuple<char, bool> t2('a', true);

   EXPECT_EQ("('a' (97, 0x61), true)", Print(t2));

   tuple<bool, int, int> t3(false, 2, 3);

   EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3)", Print(t3));

   tuple<bool, int, int, int> t4(false, 2, 3, 4);

   EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4)", Print(t4));

   tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool> t5(false, 2, 3, 4, true);

   EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true)", Print(t5));

   tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int> t6(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6);

   EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6)", Print(t6));

   tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int, int> t7(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7);

   EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7)", Print(t7));

   tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int, int, bool> t8(

       false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true);

   EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true)", Print(t8));

   tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int, int, bool, int> t9(

       false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true, 9);

   EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true, 9)", Print(t9));

   const char* const str = "8";

   // VC++ 2010's implementation of tuple of C++0x is deficient, requiring

   // an explicit type cast of NULL to be used.

   tuple<bool, char, short, testing::internal::Int32,  // NOLINT

       testing::internal::Int64, float, double, const char*, void*, string>

       t10(false, 'a', 3, 4, 5, 1.5F, -2.5, str,

           ImplicitCast_<void*>(NULL), "10");

   EXPECT_EQ("(false, 'a' (97, 0x61), 3, 4, 5, 1.5, -2.5, " + PrintPointer(str) +

             " pointing to \"8\", NULL, \"10\")",

             Print(t10));

 }

 // Nested tuples.

 TEST(PrintTupleTest, NestedTuple) {

   tuple<tuple<int, bool>, char> nested(make_tuple(5, true), 'a');

   EXPECT_EQ("((5, true), 'a' (97, 0x61))", Print(nested));

 }

 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE

 // Tests printing user-defined unprintable types.

 // Unprintable types in the global namespace.

 TEST(PrintUnprintableTypeTest, InGlobalNamespace) {

   EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>",

             Print(UnprintableTemplateInGlobal<char>()));

 }

 // Unprintable types in a user namespace.

 TEST(PrintUnprintableTypeTest, InUserNamespace) {

   EXPECT_EQ("16-byte object <EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",

             Print(::foo::UnprintableInFoo()));

 }

 // Unprintable types are that too big to be printed completely.

 struct Big {

   Big() { memset(array, 0, sizeof(array)); }

   char array[257];

 };

 TEST(PrintUnpritableTypeTest, BigObject) {

   EXPECT_EQ("257-byte object <00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "

             "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "

             "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "

             "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 ... 00-00 00-00 00-00 "

             "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "

             "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "

             "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00>",

             Print(Big()));

 }

 // Tests printing user-defined streamable types.

 // Streamable types in the global namespace.

 TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, InGlobalNamespace) {

   StreamableInGlobal x;

   EXPECT_EQ("StreamableInGlobal", Print(x));

   EXPECT_EQ("StreamableInGlobal*", Print(&x));

 }

 // Printable template types in a user namespace.

 TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, TemplateTypeInUserNamespace) {

   EXPECT_EQ("StreamableTemplateInFoo: 0",

             Print(::foo::StreamableTemplateInFoo<int>()));

 }

 // Tests printing user-defined types that have a PrintTo() function.

 TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, InUserNamespace) {

   EXPECT_EQ("PrintableViaPrintTo: 0",

             Print(::foo::PrintableViaPrintTo()));

 }

 // Tests printing a pointer to a user-defined type that has a <<

 // operator for its pointer.

 TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, PointerInUserNamespace) {

   ::foo::PointerPrintable x;

   EXPECT_EQ("PointerPrintable*", Print(&x));

 }

 // Tests printing user-defined class template that have a PrintTo() function.

 TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, TemplateInUserNamespace) {

   EXPECT_EQ("PrintableViaPrintToTemplate: 5",

             Print(::foo::PrintableViaPrintToTemplate<int>(5)));

 }

 #if GTEST_HAS_PROTOBUF_

 // Tests printing a protocol message.

 TEST(PrintProtocolMessageTest, PrintsShortDebugString) {

   testing::internal::TestMessage msg;

   msg.set_member("yes");

   EXPECT_EQ("<member:\"yes\">", Print(msg));

 }

 // Tests printing a short proto2 message.

 TEST(PrintProto2MessageTest, PrintsShortDebugStringWhenItIsShort) {

   testing::internal::FooMessage msg;

   msg.set_int_field(2);

   msg.set_string_field("hello");

   EXPECT_PRED2(RE::FullMatch, Print(msg),

                "<int_field:\\s*2\\s+string_field:\\s*\"hello\">");

 }

 // Tests printing a long proto2 message.

 TEST(PrintProto2MessageTest, PrintsDebugStringWhenItIsLong) {

   testing::internal::FooMessage msg;

   msg.set_int_field(2);

   msg.set_string_field("hello");

   msg.add_names("peter");

   msg.add_names("paul");

   msg.add_names("mary");

   EXPECT_PRED2(RE::FullMatch, Print(msg),

                "<\n"

                "int_field:\\s*2\n"

                "string_field:\\s*\"hello\"\n"

                "names:\\s*\"peter\"\n"

                "names:\\s*\"paul\"\n"

                "names:\\s*\"mary\"\n"

                ">");

 }

 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_PROTOBUF_

 // Tests that the universal printer prints both the address and the

 // value of a reference.

 TEST(PrintReferenceTest, PrintsAddressAndValue) {

   int n = 5;

   EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&n) + " 5", PrintByRef(n));

   int a[2][3] = {

     { 0, 1, 2 },

     { 3, 4, 5 }

   };

   EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(a) + " { { 0, 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } }",

             PrintByRef(a));

   const ::foo::UnprintableInFoo x;

   EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&x) + " 16-byte object "

             "<EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",

             PrintByRef(x));

 }

 // Tests that the universal printer prints a function pointer passed by

 // reference.

 TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesFunctionPointer) {

   void (*fp)(int n) = &MyFunction;

   const string fp_pointer_string =

       PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&fp));

   // We cannot directly cast &MyFunction to const void* because the

   // standard disallows casting between pointers to functions and

   // pointers to objects, and some compilers (e.g. GCC 3.4) enforce

   // this limitation.

   const string fp_string = PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(

       reinterpret_cast<internal::BiggestInt>(fp)));

   EXPECT_EQ("@" + fp_pointer_string + " " + fp_string,

             PrintByRef(fp));

 }

 // Tests that the universal printer prints a member function pointer

 // passed by reference.

 TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesMemberFunctionPointer) {

   int (Foo::*p)(char ch) = &Foo::MyMethod;

   EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(

       PrintByRef(p),

       "@" + PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&p)) + " " +

           Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));

   char (Foo::*p2)(int n) = &Foo::MyVirtualMethod;

   EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(

       PrintByRef(p2),

       "@" + PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&p2)) + " " +

           Print(sizeof(p2)) + "-byte object "));

 }

 // Tests that the universal printer prints a member variable pointer

 // passed by reference.

 TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesMemberVariablePointer) {

   int (Foo::*p) = &Foo::value;  // NOLINT

   EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(

       PrintByRef(p),

       "@" + PrintPointer(&p) + " " + Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));

 }

 // Tests that FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(), which is used to print

 // an operand in a comparison assertion (e.g. ASSERT_EQ) when the assertion

 // fails, formats the operand in the desired way.

 // scalar

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForScalar) {

   EXPECT_STREQ("123",

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(123, 124).c_str());

 }

 // non-char pointer

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForNonCharPointer) {

   int n = 0;

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&n),

             FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&n, &n).c_str());

 }

 // non-char array

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, FormatsNonCharArrayAsPointer) {

   // In expression 'array == x', 'array' is compared by pointer.

   // Therefore we want to print an array operand as a pointer.

   int n[] = { 1, 2, 3 };

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(n),

             FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(n, n).c_str());

 }

 // Tests formatting a char pointer when it's compared with another pointer.

 // In this case we want to print it as a raw pointer, as the comparision is by

 // pointer.

 // char pointer vs pointer

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharPointerVsPointer) {

   // In expression 'p == x', where 'p' and 'x' are (const or not) char

   // pointers, the operands are compared by pointer.  Therefore we

   // want to print 'p' as a pointer instead of a C string (we don't

   // even know if it's supposed to point to a valid C string).

   // const char*

   const char* s = "hello";

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s),

             FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, s).c_str());

   // char*

   char ch = 'a';

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&ch),

             FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&ch, &ch).c_str());

 }

 // wchar_t pointer vs pointer

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharPointerVsPointer) {

   // In expression 'p == x', where 'p' and 'x' are (const or not) char

   // pointers, the operands are compared by pointer.  Therefore we

   // want to print 'p' as a pointer instead of a wide C string (we don't

   // even know if it's supposed to point to a valid wide C string).

   // const wchar_t*

   const wchar_t* s = L"hello";

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s),

             FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, s).c_str());

   // wchar_t*

   wchar_t ch = L'a';

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&ch),

             FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&ch, &ch).c_str());

 }

 // Tests formatting a char pointer when it's compared to a string object.

 // In this case we want to print the char pointer as a C string.

 #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING

 // char pointer vs ::string

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharPointerVsString) {

   const char* s = "hello \"world";

   EXPECT_STREQ("\"hello \\\"world\"",  // The string content should be escaped.

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::string()).c_str());

   // char*

   char str[] = "hi\1";

   char* p = str;

   EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi\\x1\"",  // The string content should be escaped.

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::string()).c_str());

 }

 #endif

 // char pointer vs std::string

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharPointerVsStdString) {

   const char* s = "hello \"world";

   EXPECT_STREQ("\"hello \\\"world\"",  // The string content should be escaped.

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::std::string()).c_str());

   // char*

   char str[] = "hi\1";

   char* p = str;

   EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi\\x1\"",  // The string content should be escaped.

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::std::string()).c_str());

 }

 #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING

 // wchar_t pointer vs ::wstring

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharPointerVsWString) {

   const wchar_t* s = L"hi \"world";

   EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi \\\"world\"",  // The string content should be escaped.

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::wstring()).c_str());

   // wchar_t*

   wchar_t str[] = L"hi\1";

   wchar_t* p = str;

   EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi\\x1\"",  // The string content should be escaped.

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::wstring()).c_str());

 }

 #endif

 #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING

 // wchar_t pointer vs std::wstring

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharPointerVsStdWString) {

   const wchar_t* s = L"hi \"world";

   EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi \\\"world\"",  // The string content should be escaped.

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::std::wstring()).c_str());

   // wchar_t*

   wchar_t str[] = L"hi\1";

   wchar_t* p = str;

   EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi\\x1\"",  // The string content should be escaped.

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::std::wstring()).c_str());

 }

 #endif

 // Tests formatting a char array when it's compared with a pointer or array.

 // In this case we want to print the array as a row pointer, as the comparison

 // is by pointer.

 // char array vs pointer

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsPointer) {

   char str[] = "hi \"world\"";

   char* p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),

             FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, p).c_str());

 }

 // char array vs char array

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsCharArray) {

   const char str[] = "hi \"world\"";

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),

             FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, str).c_str());

 }

 // wchar_t array vs pointer

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsPointer) {

   wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"world\"";

   wchar_t* p = NULL;

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),

             FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, p).c_str());

 }

 // wchar_t array vs wchar_t array

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsWCharArray) {

   const wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"world\"";

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),

             FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, str).c_str());

 }

 // Tests formatting a char array when it's compared with a string object.

 // In this case we want to print the array as a C string.

 #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING

 // char array vs string

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsString) {

   const char str[] = "hi \"w\0rld\"";

   EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi \\\"w\"",  // The content should be escaped.

                                 // Embedded NUL terminates the string.

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::string()).c_str());

 }

 #endif

 // char array vs std::string

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsStdString) {

   const char str[] = "hi \"world\"";

   EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi \\\"world\\\"\"",  // The content should be escaped.

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::std::string()).c_str());

 }

 #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING

 // wchar_t array vs wstring

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsWString) {

   const wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"world\"";

   EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi \\\"world\\\"\"",  // The content should be escaped.

                FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::wstring()).c_str());

 }

 #endif

 #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING

 // wchar_t array vs std::wstring

 TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsStdWString) {

   const wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"w\0rld\"";

   EXPECT_STREQ(

       "L\"hi \\\"w\"",  // The content should be escaped.

                         // Embedded NUL terminates the string.

       FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::std::wstring()).c_str());

 }

 #endif

 // Useful for testing PrintToString().  We cannot use EXPECT_EQ()

 // there as its implementation uses PrintToString().  The caller must

 // ensure that 'value' has no side effect.

 #define EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(value, expected_string)         \

   EXPECT_TRUE(PrintToString(value) == (expected_string))        \

       << " where " #value " prints as " << (PrintToString(value))

 TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForScalar) {

   EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(123, "123");

 }

 TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForPointerToConstChar) {

   const char* p = "hello";

   EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\"");

 }

 TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForPointerToNonConstChar) {

   char s[] = "hello";

   char* p = s;

   EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\"");

 }

 TEST(PrintToStringTest, EscapesForPointerToConstChar) {

   const char* p = "hello\n";

   EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\\n\"");

 }

 TEST(PrintToStringTest, EscapesForPointerToNonConstChar) {

   char s[] = "hello\1";

   char* p = s;

   EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\\x1\"");

 }

 TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForArray) {

   int n[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };

   EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(n, "{ 1, 2, 3 }");

 }

 TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForCharArray) {

   char s[] = "hello";

   EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(s, "\"hello\"");

 }

 TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForCharArrayWithEmbeddedNul) {

   const char str_with_nul[] = "hello\0 world";

   EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(str_with_nul, "\"hello\\0 world\"");

   char mutable_str_with_nul[] = "hello\0 world";

   EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(mutable_str_with_nul, "\"hello\\0 world\"");

 }

 #undef EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_

 TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForNonReference) {

   ::std::stringstream ss;

   UniversalTersePrint(123, &ss);

   EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());

 }

 TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForReference) {

   const int& n = 123;

   ::std::stringstream ss;

   UniversalTersePrint(n, &ss);

   EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());

 }

 TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForCString) {

   const char* s1 = "abc";

   ::std::stringstream ss1;

   UniversalTersePrint(s1, &ss1);

   EXPECT_EQ("\"abc\"", ss1.str());

   char* s2 = const_cast<char*>(s1);

   ::std::stringstream ss2;

   UniversalTersePrint(s2, &ss2);

   EXPECT_EQ("\"abc\"", ss2.str());

   const char* s3 = NULL;

   ::std::stringstream ss3;

   UniversalTersePrint(s3, &ss3);

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", ss3.str());

 }

 TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForNonReference) {

   ::std::stringstream ss;

   UniversalPrint(123, &ss);

   EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());

 }

 TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForReference) {

   const int& n = 123;

   ::std::stringstream ss;

   UniversalPrint(n, &ss);

   EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());

 }

 TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForCString) {

   const char* s1 = "abc";

   ::std::stringstream ss1;

   UniversalPrint(s1, &ss1);

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s1) + " pointing to \"abc\"", string(ss1.str()));

   char* s2 = const_cast<char*>(s1);

   ::std::stringstream ss2;

   UniversalPrint(s2, &ss2);

   EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s2) + " pointing to \"abc\"", string(ss2.str()));

   const char* s3 = NULL;

   ::std::stringstream ss3;

   UniversalPrint(s3, &ss3);

   EXPECT_EQ("NULL", ss3.str());

 }

 TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForCharArray) {

   const char str[] = "\"Line\0 1\"\nLine 2";

   ::std::stringstream ss1;

   UniversalPrint(str, &ss1);

   EXPECT_EQ("\"\\\"Line\\0 1\\\"\\nLine 2\"", ss1.str());

   const char mutable_str[] = "\"Line\0 1\"\nLine 2";

   ::std::stringstream ss2;

   UniversalPrint(mutable_str, &ss2);

   EXPECT_EQ("\"\\\"Line\\0 1\\\"\\nLine 2\"", ss2.str());

 }

 #if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE

 TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsEmptyTuple) {

   Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(make_tuple());

   EXPECT_EQ(0u, result.size());

 }

 TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsOneTuple) {

   Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(make_tuple(1));

   ASSERT_EQ(1u, result.size());

   EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);

 }

 TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsTwoTuple) {

   Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(make_tuple(1, 'a'));

   ASSERT_EQ(2u, result.size());

   EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);

   EXPECT_EQ("'a' (97, 0x61)", result[1]);

 }

 TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsTersely) {

   const int n = 1;

   Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(

       tuple<const int&, const char*>(n, "a"));

   ASSERT_EQ(2u, result.size());

   EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);

   EXPECT_EQ("\"a\"", result[1]);

 }

 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE

 }  // namespace gtest_printers_test

 }  // namespace testing